{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:21:34Z","timestamp":1772209294841,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance has become a global public health concern that threatens the effective treatment of infectious diseases. One major approach adopted to overcome antimicrobial resistance is the use of plant extracts individually and\/or with combination of antibiotics with plant extracts, which may lead to new ways of treating infectious diseases and essentially representing a potential area for further future investigations. In this study, the antifungal activities of Azadirachta indica leaf and Catharanthus roseus flower extracts against fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains (isolated from pregnant women with vulvovaginal candidiasis) and anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were evaluated by agar well diffusion, microdilution, and biofilm inhibition assays. Subsequently, the determination of the combined antimicrobial activity of the individual plant extracts with (fluconazole and voriconazole) and (ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin) against C. albicans strains and MRSA, respectively, was evaluated by checkerboard microdilution assay. Results from the study showed that the antimicrobial activity of the two plant extracts determined by time-kill kinetics was fungistatic with their MICs ranging from 0.1 to 4\u2009mg\/mL. Interestingly, all extracts were proved as good biofilm inhibitors of resistant C. albicans and MRSA from 10.1 to 98.82%. Their combination interaction with fluconazole, voriconazole, ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin ranged from synergy to antagonism as per the parameters used. Overall, these results showed that A. indica leaf and C. roseus flower extracts have significant antifungal property. Furthermore, A. indica leaf and C. roseus flower extracts alone or in combination with fluconazole and voriconazole could provide a promising approach to the management of candidiasis caused by drug-resistant strains as well as their interaction with the antibacterial agents to combat the common infections caused by MRSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9373524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:06:08Z","timestamp":1647907568000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antibiofilm Activity of Azadirachta indica and Catharanthus roseus and Their Synergistic Effects in Combination with Antimicrobial Agents against Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Strains and MRSA"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2547-5021","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Neglo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3011-1230","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisca","family":"Adzaho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2343-654X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irene A.","family":"Agbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6865-2203","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richmond","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional and Alternative Medicine, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4069-0993","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Sedohia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, University Post, Kumasi, Ashanti Region, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-6773","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Clement Okraku","family":"Tettey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0648-5980","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sayanika Devi","family":"Waikhom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215y.0000000030"},{"key":"2","volume-title":"WHO Report on Antimicrobial Resistance-A Global Epidemic","author":"Who","year":"2010"},{"issue":"4","key":"3","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats,\u201d P & T","volume":"40","author":"C. 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