{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T11:07:31Z","timestamp":1793963251895,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of Rhineland-Palatinate","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}]},{"name":"Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}]},{"name":"Ivantis","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}]},{"name":"Thea","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}]},{"name":"Sanoculis","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}]},{"name":"Nordrhein-Westfalen","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}]},{"name":"German Association of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"German Ministry of Research","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"German Cancer Aid","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015739","name":"Bayer Vital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PlusOptix","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010313","name":"Heidelberg Engineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AZ 961-386261\/733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 961-386261\/733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010313","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives. The pupil regulates the incoming light to reduce glare and to achieve sufficient depth of field. Few is known on the distribution of pupil size and associated conditions in the general population. Therefore, for the first time in a large population-based study, we assess the distribution of physiologic pupil size and identify associated factors. Subjects\/Methods. The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a prospective cohort study established at the University Medical Center Mainz, Germany. As part of the 5-year follow-up (2012\u20132017), 9,559 of 12,432 participants had a valid pupil size measurement. Optical biometry (Lenstar LS900, Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland) including measurements of physical pupil diameter, central corneal thickness, corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth, and axial length was performed under mesopic light conditions. The associations of ocular geometry, the participants\u2019 demographics, and their history of systemic diseases and medication intake with physical pupil size were assessed using multivariable linear regression models. Results. 18,335 eyes of 9,559 participants aged 40 to 80 years were included in the analysis. Median pupil diameter was 4.19\u2009mm in right eyes and 4.12\u2009mm in left eyes. A smaller pupil was associated with older age, hyperopic refractive error, previous cataract surgery, diabetes, obesity, and ACE inhibitor intake, whereas wider pupil was associated with female gender, arterial hypertension, intake of tricyclic antidepressants, and intake of SNRI and tetracyclic antidepressants. Socioeconomic status and smoking were not associated with pupil size. Conclusion. Individuals of older age, after cataract surgery, under therapy with ACE inhibitors and with diabetes have a smaller pupil. This should be taken into account when planning nonmydriatic fundus photography-based screening programs, for instance, for diabetic retinopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9520512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T12:10:50Z","timestamp":1662725450000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Distribution of Pupil Size and Associated Factors: Results from the Population-Based Gutenberg Health Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7841-804X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marian","family":"Kiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie D.","family":"Grabitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Hopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Koeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp S.","family":"Wild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Schmidtmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Biostatistics Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl J.","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"M\u00fcnzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred E.","family":"Beutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Psychosomatic Medicine und Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Pfeiffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander K.","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00211"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-017-0974-1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1189-3"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0566-0"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33013-w"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.67.2.89"},{"key":"7","volume-title":"The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications","author":"I. 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