{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T13:44:45Z","timestamp":1744983885725,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006261","name":"Taif University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TURSP\u20132020\/314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TURSP\u20132020\/314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Security and Communication Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For the last two decades, cybercrimes are growing on a daily basis. To track down cybercrimes and radio network crimes, digital forensic for radio networks provides foundations. The data transfer rate for the next-generation wireless networks would be much greater than today\u2019s network in the coming years. The fifth-generation wireless systems are considering bands beyond 6\u2009GHz. The network design of the next-generation wireless systems depends on propagation characteristics, frequency reuse, and bandwidth variation. This article declares the channel\u2019s propagation characteristics of both line of sight (LoS) and non-LOS (NLoS) to construct and detect the path of rays coming from anomalies. The simulations were carried out to investigate the diffraction loss (DL) and frequency drop (FD). Indoor and outdoor measurements were taken with the omnidirectional circular dipole antenna with a transmitting frequency of 28\u2009GHz and 60\u2009GHz to compare the two bands of the 5th generation. Millimeter-wave communication comes with a higher constraint for implementing and deploying higher losses, low diffractions, and low signal penetrations for the mentioned two bands. For outdoor, a MATLAB built-in 3D ray tracing algorithm is used while for an indoor office environment, an in-house algorithmic simulator built using MATLAB is used to analyze the channel characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9692892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T18:50:09Z","timestamp":1642013409000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Radio Network Forensic with mmWave Using the Dominant Path Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-0778","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Usman Rauf","family":"Kamboh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Sciences, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2012-2710","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Rehman","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Sciences, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-0079","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hamza","family":"Aldabbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Abdullah Bin Ghazi Faculty of Information and Communication Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al Salt, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2527-0117","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ammar","family":"Rafiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFC Institute of Engineering and Fertilizer Research, Faisalabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7759-0940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bader","family":"Alouffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. 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