{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:47:20Z","timestamp":1769302040450,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644019200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Security and Communication Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Internet of Things is changing all sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, city infrastructure, and the automotive industry. All these applications ask for secure processors that can be embedded in the IoT devices. Furthermore, these devices are restricted in terms of computing capabilities, memory, and power consumption. A major challenge is how to meet the need for security in such resource-constrained devices. This paper presents a customized version of LEON3, the ReonV RISCV (Reduced Instruction Set Computer-five) processor, dedicated for IoT applications that has strong effective security mechanisms built in at the design stage. Firstly, efficient lightweight cipher designs are elaborated and validated. Then, the proposed cryptographic instructions (PRESENT and PRINCE) are integrated into the default instruction set architecture of the ReonV processor core. The instruction set extensions (ISE) of lightweight cipher modules can be instantiated in software routines exactly as the instructions of the base architecture. A single instruction is needed to implement a full lightweight cryptographic instruction. The customized ReonV RISCV processor is implemented on a Xilinx FPGA platform and is evaluated for Slice LUTs plus FF-pairs, frequency, and throughput. Obtained results show that our proposed concepts not only can achieve good encryption results with high performance and reduced cost but also are secure enough to resist against the most common attacks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9709601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T20:20:07Z","timestamp":1644092407000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["An Efficient Lightweight Cryptographic Instructions Set Extension for IoT Device Security"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-9415","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wajih","family":"El Hadj Youssef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Electronics and Micro-Electronic Laboratory (LEME), Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Abdelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Electronics and Micro-Electronic Laboratory (LEME), Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fethi","family":"Dridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Electronics and Micro-Electronic Laboratory (LEME), Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rim","family":"Brahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Electronics and Micro-Electronic Laboratory (LEME), Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5629-0508","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Machhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, Electronics and Micro-Electronic Laboratory (LEME), Monastir 5000, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-011-0288-5"},{"key":"2","article-title":"Vision and challenges for realising the internet of Things","author":"H. Sundmaeker","year":"2010","journal-title":"cluster of European research projects on the internet of things\u2014CERP IoT"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.01.010"},{"key":"4","article-title":"Report on lightweight cryptography","volume":"8114","author":"A. M. Kerry","year":"2017","journal-title":"National Institute of Standards and Technology Internal Report"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5323578"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EWDTS.2019.8884397"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAS45731.2020.9180579"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46586\/tches.v2021.i1.109-136"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85053-3"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LightSec.2011.17"},{"key":"12","first-page":"443","article-title":"Lightweight secure processor prototype on FPGA","author":"Y. Liu"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-68487-7"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6492592"},{"key":"15","article-title":"LPC55S6x: high efficiency Arm\u00ae cortex\u00ae-M33-based microcontroller family, product data sheet","volume":"9","author":"N. X. P. Semiconductors","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. 2.1 \u2014"},{"key":"16","article-title":"LEON3 Processor","author":"Leon3","year":"2021"},{"key":"17","article-title":"Instruction sets should be free: the case for RISC-V. Technical Report UCB\/EECS-2014-146","author":"K. Asanovi\u0107","year":"2014"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9010125"},{"key":"19","article-title":"Instruction sets should Be free: the case for RISC-V","volume-title":"technical report No. UCB\/EECS-2014-146, EECS Department","author":"K. Asanovi\u0107","year":"2014"},{"key":"20","article-title":"lcbcFoo","author":"V. Reon","year":"2018"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74735-2"},{"key":"22","article-title":"Lightweight cryptography","author":"Iso\/Iec 29192-1","year":"2019","journal-title":"Information technology \u2014 Security techniques \u2014 Lightweight cryptography \u2014 Part 1: Gene"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11227-014-1103-3"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34961-4"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5906-5_570","volume-title":"DES-X (or DESX), encyclopedia of cryptography and security","author":"A. Biryukov","year":"2011","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"26","article-title":"Lightweight cryptography \u2013 cryptographic engineering for a pervasive world","author":"A. Poschmann","year":"2009"},{"key":"27","article-title":"xilinx","author":"xin","year":"2021"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2889790"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/dsd.2016.46"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5087065"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1818\/1\/012216"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icimu.2014.7066593"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/rjit.2016.17.28"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-07894-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"35","first-page":"117","article-title":"An image encryption approach using chaos and stream cipher","volume":"19","author":"A. Jolfaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of theoretical and applied information technology"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.07.049"},{"key":"37","volume-title":"Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques","author":"J. Han","year":"2006","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"2","key":"38","first-page":"31","article-title":"NPCR and UACI randomness tests for image encryption, cyber journals: multidisciplinary journals in science and technology","volume":"1","author":"J. Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Selected Areas in Telecommunications (JSAT)"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8860598"},{"key":"40","first-page":"21","article-title":"An image encryption scheme based on block scrambling, modified zigzag transformation and key generation using enhanced logistic\u2014tent map","volume":"656","author":"P. Ramasamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Entropy"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7151836"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2018.10.011","article-title":"A novel image encryption scheme based on an elliptic curve","volume":"155","author":"H. Umar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signal Processing"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2091053"}],"container-title":["Security and Communication Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2022\/9709601.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2022\/9709601.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2022\/9709601.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]],"date-time":"2022-02-05T20:20:19Z","timestamp":1644092419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/scn\/2022\/9709601\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Chaves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["9709601","9709601"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9709601","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-0122","1939-0114"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-0122","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1939-0114","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,5]]}}}