{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:53:54Z","timestamp":1791579234437,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655424000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still a major cause of concern for public health, and out of all the trauma-related injuries, it makes the highest contribution to death and disability worldwide. Patients of TBI continue to suffer from brain injury through an intricate flow of primary and secondary injury events. However, when treatment is provided in a timely manner, there is a significant window of opportunity to avoid a few of the serious effects. Pioglitazone (PG), which has a neuroprotective impact and can decrease inflammation after TBI, activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR\u03b3). The objective of the study is to examine the existing literature to assess the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory impact of PG in TBI. It also discusses the part played by microglia and cytokines in TBI. According to the findings of this study, PG has the ability to enhance neurobehavior, decrease brain edema and neuronal injury following TBI. To achieve the protective impact of PG the following was required: (1) stimulating PPAR\u03b3; (2) decreasing oxidative stress; (3) decreasing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) expression; (4) limiting the increase in the number of activated microglia; and (5) reducing mitochondrial dysfunction. The findings indicate that when PIG is used clinically, it may serve as a neuroprotective anti-inflammatory approach in TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9860855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T13:20:23Z","timestamp":1655472023000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pioglitazone on Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2022","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0944-0320","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Yassin","family":"Zamanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6718773654, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6718773654, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niloofar","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Jade Catalan","family":"Opulencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business Administration Ajman University, Ajman, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry Olegovich","family":"Bokov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8 Trubetskaya St. bldg. 2, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, 2\/14 Ustyinsky pr, Moscow 109240, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharif Y.","family":"Abdullaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillo-facial diseases and Traumatology, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Makhtumkuli, 103 Tashkent, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Gholamrezapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5379-5623","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Bazmandegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Ali-Ibn Abi-Talib Hospital, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.322645"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527320666210506185042"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.4361"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1709363"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.11049"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.84"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3352"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2020.1747717"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.64187"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5196"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103975"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2019.1702535"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4981"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab341"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.228"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.04.036"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88693-8"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2019.05.002"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00528"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/418765"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113243"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.784391"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-021-02065-3"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2015.03.018"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-91"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.09.074"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.04.025"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2017.09.019"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/2802"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S334423"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0303-6"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52892-6.00011-8"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e32834458da"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577672"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-4431.2010.00527.x"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9040297"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00288-9"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134347"},{"key":"40","first-page":"104","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous extract of Elsoltzia stachyodes on experimental models of inflammation in rats","volume":"12","author":"P. Banerjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"41","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity study of fulvic acid","volume":"12","author":"S.-H. You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47750\/jptcp.2022.874"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0802"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03175-0"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.001"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47750\/pnr.2021.12.01.007"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13179"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-051116-052358"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5005136"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7303"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.08.018"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4752546"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101624"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2014.02.009"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.07.006"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.12.027"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2007.02.013"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43320"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.9720"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122957"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.118.002413"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.10.003"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1685"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcar.jcar_13_19"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/864140"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.01.054"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2019.36165.8616"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425913501565"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-016-1628-1"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7079"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.10.010"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01778-5"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.6.jns1954"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283396e4e"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5414\/CP202339"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-148"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-012-0203-8"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2008.0818"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3949"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000094169"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04327.x"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.02.009"},{"issue":"2","key":"83","first-page":"182","article-title":"Pioglitazone decreases the levels of inflammatory cytokines in SD rats with traumatic brain injury via up-regulating PPAR\u03b3","volume":"32","author":"L. Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208784480144"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.11.057"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.01.003"}],"container-title":["Mediators of Inflammation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2022\/9860855.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2022\/9860855.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2022\/9860855.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T13:20:29Z","timestamp":1655472029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/mi\/2022\/9860855\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["9860855","9860855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/9860855","relation":{},"ISSN":["1466-1861","0962-9351"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1466-1861","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0962-9351","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]}}}