{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:51:39Z","timestamp":1747191099998,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2 or Lagovirus europaeus GI.2) is spreading across North America. This has enabled submissions of lagomorphs for testing to veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs). The liver is currently the gold-standard sample type for testing by RT-qPCR. VDL clients usually seek alternate diagnostic approaches that permit simpler and faster sample collection with less risk of environmental contamination; there is also a necessity for a sample type that can be collected from live animals. Therefore, the goal of this study was to optimize and evaluate an RT-qPCR assay on rectal swabs collected from a group of carcasses of leporids of different species that were submitted to a VDL during an RHDV2 outbreak. A total of 130 carcasses were tested both by liver tissue and rectal swab RT-qPCR. The results of the liver samples were considered the gold standard, and 73 carcasses tested positive and 57 carcasses tested negative in liver. Out of the 73 liver RT-qPCR-positive carcasses, 64 tested positive and 9 tested negative on the rectal RT-qPCR. All 57 liver RT-qPCR-negative carcasses tested negative on the rectal RT-qPCR. The sensitivity and specificity of the rectal RT-qPCR were 88% and 100%, respectively, most likely due to significantly (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.001<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) lower viral loads in the rectal swabs (median Ct: 27.03) compared to the liver samples (median Ct: 12.69). Despite being more than 4 logs less sensitive, RT-qPCRs from rectal swabs can be used to screen leporid carcasses for the presence of RHDV2 RNA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1869692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T16:35:40Z","timestamp":1679675740000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An RT-qPCR Assay from Rectal Swabs for the Detection of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus 2 in Natural Cases"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6178-4801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Javier","family":"Asin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis (DR, BMC) and San Bernardino (JA, FAU), CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan E.","family":"Moriarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea B.","family":"Mikolon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deana L.","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Health Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Rejmanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis (DR, BMC) and San Bernardino (JA, FAU), CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis (DR, BMC) and San Bernardino (JA, FAU), CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beate M.","family":"Crossley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California-Davis, Davis (DR, BMC) and San Bernardino (JA, FAU), CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.20998-9","article-title":"Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and European brown hare syndrome virus","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Virology","author":"L. Capucci","year":"2021"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-20-00207","article-title":"Pathology of lagovirus europaeus GI.2\/RHDV2\/b (rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2) in native North American lagomorphs","volume":"57","author":"J. S. Lankton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387211006353","article-title":"Outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 in the southwestern United States: first detections in southern California","volume":"33","author":"J. Asin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-017-0473-y","article-title":"Large-scale lagovirus disease outbreaks in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) in France caused by RHDV2 strains spatially shared with rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"48","author":"G. Le Gall-Recul\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387221116157","article-title":"Utilizing blood filter paper and ear punch samples for the detection of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 by RT-rtPCR","volume":"34","author":"J. E. Jennings-Gaines","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.04.033","article-title":"Clinical course and pathogenicity of variant rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in experimentally infected adult and kit rabbits: significance towards control and spread","volume":"220","author":"K. P. Dalton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4995\/wrs.2019.11082","article-title":"Rabbit haemorrhagic disease: experimental study of a recent highly pathogenic GI.2\/RHDV2\/b strain and evaluation of vaccine efficacy","volume":"27","author":"O. Le Minor","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Rabbit Science"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e968","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14381","article-title":"Comparative susceptibility of eastern cottontails and New Zealand white rabbits to classical rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) and RHDV2","volume":"69","author":"F. Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"9","article-title":"The pathogenicity comparison of Lagovirus europaeus GI.1 and GI.2 strains in China by using relative quantitative assay","volume":"12","author":"T. Tu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720960829","article-title":"Suggested guidelines for validation of real-time PCR assays in veterinary diagnostic laboratories","volume":"32","author":"K. Toohey-Kurth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2015.03.017","article-title":"A real time Taqman RT-PCR for the detection of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2)","volume":"219","author":"M. D. Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Virological Methods"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e394","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14315","article-title":"Early circulation of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus type 2 in domestic and wild lagomorphs in southern California, USA (2020-2021)","volume":"69","author":"J. Asin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.10.2.560","article-title":"Clinical and pathological features of viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and the European brown hare syndrome","volume":"10","author":"P. S. Marcato","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Scie Tech"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0540-z","article-title":"Elucidation of the pathology and tissue distribution of Lagovirus europaeus GI.2\/RHDV2 (rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2) in young and adult rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","volume":"49","author":"A. Neimanis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Veterinary Research"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2021.109079","article-title":"Infectivity of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus excreted in rabbit faecal pellets","volume":"257","author":"C. Calvete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary Microbiology"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.7589\/JWD-D-21-00095","article-title":"Monitoring of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations by PCR analysis of rabbit fecal pellets","volume":"58","author":"C. Calvete","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"author":"D. Clifford","key":"17","article-title":"Protecting the endangered riparian brush rabbit from emergent RHDV2 in California, USA"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11010040","article-title":"A potential atypical case of rabbit haemorrhagic disease in a dwarf rabbit","volume":"11","author":"F. A. Abade Dos Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"}],"container-title":["Transboundary and Emerging Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tbed\/2023\/1869692.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tbed\/2023\/1869692.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tbed\/2023\/1869692.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T16:35:53Z","timestamp":1679675753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tbed\/2023\/1869692\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Edgar","family":"Simulundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":18,"alternative-id":["1869692","1869692"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/1869692","relation":{},"ISSN":["1865-1682","1865-1674"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1865-1682"},{"type":"print","value":"1865-1674"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]}}}