{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T09:54:36Z","timestamp":1769853276355,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The white button mushroom (<jats:italic>Agaricus<\/jats:italic>) is a significant nutritional and therapeutic species utilized in the human diet and could transmit various bacterial infections. <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> species are the most common cause of foodborne illness across the world. The present study has been planned to determine the frequency of virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility test in <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> spp. recovered from <jats:italic>Agaricus<\/jats:italic> mushroom. In this study, 740 <jats:italic>Agaricus<\/jats:italic> mushroom samples were gathered randomly from various markets from June 2020 to December 2020. Confirmation of <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> spp. using biochemical analyses and <jats:italic>23S rRNA<\/jats:italic>\u2010based PCR was performed. The agar dilution technique was used to determine resistance to antibiotics using gentamicin (GM10<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g), ciprofloxacin (CIP5<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g), nalidixic acid (NA30<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g), tetracycline (TE30<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g), ampicillin (AM10<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g), amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid (AMC30<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g), erythromycine (E15<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g), azithromycin (AZM15<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g), clindamycin (CC2<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g), and chloramphenicol (C30<jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>g). Multiplex PCR was utilized to determine the prevalence of the <jats:italic>recR<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>dnaJ<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>wlaN<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>virBll<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cdtC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cdtB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cdtA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>flaA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>cadF<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pidA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ciaB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ceuE<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>cgtB<\/jats:italic> genes. <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> spp. were detected in 74 out of 740 <jats:italic>Agaricus<\/jats:italic> mushroom samples (10%). According to the data, <jats:italic>Agaricus<\/jats:italic> mushroom samples included 32 (4.32%) <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic>, 11 (1.48%) <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic>, and 31 (4.18%) other <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> spp. Antimicrobial resistance was most common in <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> isolates. <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> isolates also had the lowest resistance rate to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and nalidixic acid. <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were reported to have the highest antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, and erythromycine. Resistance to gentamycin and amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid was likewise lowest among <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic> strains. The <jats:italic>flaA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ciaB<\/jats:italic> genes were found in 100% of B\u2010lactams\u2010susceptible <jats:italic>C. jejuni<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. coli<\/jats:italic> strains. When examining the relationship between antibiotic resistance and the existence of virulence genes, it was observed that there is a statistically significant relationship (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) between bacterial resistance and virulence genes. Our findings indicated that changes in resistance patterns in <jats:italic>Campylobacter<\/jats:italic> strains have emerged from multiple treatment approaches in <jats:italic>Agaricus<\/jats:italic> mushrooms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1872655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T13:35:38Z","timestamp":1675172138000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distribution of Virulence Genes in <i>Campylobacter<\/i> spp. Isolated from <i>Agaricus<\/i> Mushrooms in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8557-9637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam Sadat","family":"Emami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4154-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Shakerian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3612-9987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza Sherafati","family":"Chaleshtori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6451-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/376387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11094221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.2020033807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-019-00430-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni as a potential pathogen in liver of broilers chickens in slaughtered & retail market broilers in Shahrekord, Iran","volume":"2","author":"Shakerian A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202100426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02353"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Comparison of anti-candida effects of aqueous, ethanolic extracts and essential oil of E. angustifolia with fluconazole on the growth of clinical strains of Candida","volume":"11","author":"Piri Gharaghie T.","year":"2021","journal-title":"New Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","unstructured":"HoffmannS. 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