{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T13:56:44Z","timestamp":1762005404716,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stroke Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Despite stroke being a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, there is a dearth of information on the burden and outcomes of stroke in sub-Saharan Africa and Namibia in particular. Methods. A hospital-based, retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyse non-electronic medical records of all consecutive stroke patients who were admitted to one of the highest tertiary-level hospitals in Namibia for 12 months (2019-2020). The primary outcome of the study was to establish the in-hospital mortality, stroke subtypes, and associated complications. Results. In total, 220 patients were included in the study, their mean age was 53 (SD13.8) years, and 55.5% were males. 61.0% had an ischaemic stroke (IS), and 39.0% had a haemorrhagic stroke (HS). The mean age was significantly lower in patients with HS vs. IS (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mn>48.2<\/a:mn>\n                        <a:mo>\u00b1<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>12.2<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> vs. <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mn>56.1<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mo>\u00b1<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>13.3<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&lt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.001<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). Of the IS patients, the majority (29.0%) had total anterior circulation infarct (TACI), while in the HS group, 34.0% had basal ganglia haemorrhage with or without intraventricular extension. Hypertension (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>p<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.015<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), dyslipidaemia (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>p<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.001<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), alcohol consumption (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mi>p<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mo>=<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>0.022<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and other cardiovascular diseases (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mi>p<\/m:mi>\n                        <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.007<\/m:mn>\n                     <\/m:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) were more prevalent in patients with IS compared to those with HS. The prevalence rate of intravenous thrombolysis was 2.2% in IS and use of intravenous antihypertensives in 25.9% of patients with HS than IS. The in-hospital mortality was 26.4% with complications such as raised ICP, aspiration pneumonia, hydrocephalus, and sepsis significantly high in those that died. Aspiration pneumonia (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.63-4.76, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <o:mi>p<\/o:mi>\n                        <o:mo>&lt;<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>0.001<\/o:mn>\n                     <\/o:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) and increased ICP (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.16-057, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <q:math xmlns:q=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                        <q:mi>p<\/q:mi>\n                        <q:mo>&lt;<\/q:mo>\n                        <q:mn>0.001<\/q:mn>\n                     <\/q:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality on the multivariate analysis. Conclusion. Our findings showed a younger mean age for stroke and mortality rate comparable to other low- to middle-income countries (LMICs). Hypertension and alcohol consumption were the main risk factors for both stroke subtypes, while aspiration pneumonia and raised intracranial pressure predicted in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1978536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T16:55:39Z","timestamp":1675270539000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Burden and In-Hospital Mortality of Stroke Admissions at a Tertiary Level Hospital in Namibia: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-5767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saara Ndinelago","family":"Neshuku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Intermediate Hospital Katutura, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Namibia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Namibia, 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