{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:11:02Z","timestamp":1778695862802,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":38,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008804","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of the People\u2019s Republic of Bangladesh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic> is a ubiquitous spore\u2010forming anaerobic pathogen that is frequently associated with enteric disease in chickens. Moreover, enterotoxin\u2010producing <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> has high zoonotic potential as well as serious public health concerns due to the emanation of food\u2010borne intoxication. The present study was designed to isolate, identify, and toxinotype <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> from both healthy and cases of necrotic or ulcerative enteritis chickens. A total of 110 samples were collected from July 2019 to February 2021. Among the samples, 38 (34.5%, 95% CI: 26.39\u201343.83) were positive for <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> and were obtained from broiler 21 (33.3%, 95% CI: 22.91\u201345.67), Sonali 9 (34.6%, 95% CI: 19.31\u201353.88), and layer 8 (38%, 95% CI: 20.68\u201359.20). <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> was highly prevalent (35.7%, 95% CI: 25.48\u201347.44) in enteritis chickens compared with healthy ones. In multiplex PCR toxinotyping, 34 (89.4%) isolates were identified as <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> type A by the presence of the alpha toxin gene (<jats:italic>cpa<\/jats:italic>). Moreover, in addition to the cpa gene, 3 (14.3%, 95% CI: 4.14\u201335.48) broiler and 1 (11.1%, 95% CI: 0.01\u201345.67) Sonali isolates harbored the enterotoxin gene (<jats:italic>cpe<\/jats:italic>) and were classified as type F. However, none of the isolates carried genes encoding beta (<jats:italic>cpb<\/jats:italic>), epsilon (<jats:italic>etx<\/jats:italic>), iota (<jats:italic>iap<\/jats:italic>), or beta\u20102 (<jats:italic>cpb2<\/jats:italic>) toxins. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified the following variables such as; \u201cpreviously used litter materials\u201d (OR 21.77, 95% CI 2.22\u2013212.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.008); intestinal lesions, \u201cpresence of ulceration\u201d (OR 30.01, 95% CI 3.02\u2013297.91, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.004); \u201cballooned with gas\u201d (OR 24.74, 95% CI 4.34\u2013140.86, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.001) and \u201cuse of probiotics\u201d (OR 5.24, 95% CI 0.74\u201336.75, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> \u2264 0.095) act as risk factors for <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> colonization in chicken gut. This is the first study of molecular toxinotyping of <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> from healthy and enteric\u2010diseased chickens in Bangladesh, which might have a potential food\u2010borne zoonotic impact on human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2584171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T17:19:01Z","timestamp":1675876741000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Phenotypical Identification and Toxinotyping of <i>Clostridium perfringens<\/i> Isolates from Healthy and Enteric Disease\u2010Affected Chickens"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3648-1670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eaftekhar Ahmed","family":"Rana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanvir Ahmad","family":"Nizami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Sayedul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Himel","family":"Barua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Zohorul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0040026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","first-page":"409","article-title":"Isolation, identification and molecular characterization of Clostridium perfringens from poultry in Kashmir valley, India","volume":"5","author":"Dar P. S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030507"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-22-000013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04573.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","first-page":"104","article-title":"A review on Clostridium perfringens food poisoning","volume":"4","author":"Hailegebreal G.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Research Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2014.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/vet-1008-437"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/AVMJ.2009.175005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.11.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"Novel multiplex PCR to specifically detect bacterial foodborne pathogens","volume":"20","author":"Kupradit C.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Suranaree Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1679-1684"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Identification of Clostridium perfringens type C and D from enterotoxemia suspected lambs in Andhra Pradesh","volume":"93","author":"Kumar N. V.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03694.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","volume-title":"Necrotic Enteritis, Disease Induction, Predisposing Factors and Novel Biochemical Markers in Broilers Chickens","author":"Saleem G.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0003-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351070713-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2010.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.31.3.2169"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-01847-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-208"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2013.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev037"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(03)00126-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/ijavms.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.10.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00783-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815002824"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2021.109361"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2019.11.005"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Medicine International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2023\/2584171.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/vmi\/2023\/2584171.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2023\/2584171","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T16:28:10Z","timestamp":1722875290000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2023\/2584171"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Viegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2023\/2584171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/2584171","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-8113","2042-0048"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-8113","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-0048","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-31","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"2584171"}}