{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T21:01:15Z","timestamp":1783112475457,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687737600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Depression Research and Treatment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Depression is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by persistent sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding and enjoyable activities. It is one of the leading mental disorders among prisoners worldwide. However, little attention is given to this condition, especially in developing countries. Hence, this study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among prisoners in North Wollo Zone Correctional Institutions, Ethiopia. Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 407 prisoners from November 20 to December 20, 2020. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was utilized to measure the prevalence of depression among prisoners. Data analyses were done using SPSS version 20 software program. Descriptive and inferential statistics including bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were run to assess the association between depression and the independent variables, and a <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> value of less than 0.05 was taken to declare statistically significant values. Results. A total of 407 prisoners participated in the study, making the response rate 96.9%. The mean age of the participants was <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mn>31.7<\/c:mn>\n                        <c:mo>\u00b1<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>12.83<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>. Forty-one percent of them were between the ages of 18 and 27 years. In this study, the prevalence of depression was 55.5%. Age 38-47 (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mtext>AOR<\/e:mtext>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>4.29<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mn>95<\/g:mn>\n                        <g:mi>%<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mtext>CI<\/g:mtext>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>1.51<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, 12.20), having children (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mtext>AOR<\/i:mtext>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>2.75<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mn>95<\/k:mn>\n                        <k:mi>%<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mtext>CI<\/k:mtext>\n                        <k:mo>=<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>1.40<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, 5.42), sentences for 5-10 years and over 10 years (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mtext>AOR<\/m:mtext>\n                        <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>6.26<\/m:mn>\n                     <\/m:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <o:mn>95<\/o:mn>\n                        <o:mi>%<\/o:mi>\n                        <o:mtext>CI<\/o:mtext>\n                        <o:mo>=<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>3.19<\/o:mn>\n                     <\/o:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, 12.30 and <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <q:math xmlns:q=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                        <q:mtext>AOR<\/q:mtext>\n                        <q:mo>=<\/q:mo>\n                        <q:mn>7.71<\/q:mn>\n                     <\/q:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <s:math xmlns:s=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M10\">\n                        <s:mn>95<\/s:mn>\n                        <s:mi>%<\/s:mi>\n                        <s:mtext>CI<\/s:mtext>\n                        <s:mo>=<\/s:mo>\n                        <s:mn>3.47<\/s:mn>\n                     <\/s:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, 17.17, respectively), having a history of mental illness (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <u:math xmlns:u=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M11\">\n                        <u:mtext>AOR<\/u:mtext>\n                        <u:mo>=<\/u:mo>\n                        <u:mn>5.22<\/u:mn>\n                     <\/u:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <w:math xmlns:w=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M12\">\n                        <w:mn>95<\/w:mn>\n                        <w:mi>%<\/w:mi>\n                        <w:mtext>CI<\/w:mtext>\n                        <w:mo>=<\/w:mo>\n                        <w:mn>2.39<\/w:mn>\n                     <\/w:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, 11.36), having two or more stressful life events (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <y:math xmlns:y=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M13\">\n                        <y:mtext>AOR<\/y:mtext>\n                        <y:mo>=<\/y:mo>\n                        <y:mn>6.61<\/y:mn>\n                     <\/y:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <ab:math xmlns:ab=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M14\">\n                        <ab:mn>95<\/ab:mn>\n                        <ab:mi>%<\/ab:mi>\n                        <ab:mtext>CI<\/ab:mtext>\n                        <ab:mo>=<\/ab:mo>\n                        <ab:mn>2.73<\/ab:mn>\n                     <\/ab:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, 15.96), and poor social support (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <cb:math xmlns:cb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M15\">\n                        <cb:mtext>AOR<\/cb:mtext>\n                        <cb:mo>=<\/cb:mo>\n                        <cb:mn>8.13<\/cb:mn>\n                     <\/cb:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>; <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <eb:math xmlns:eb=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M16\">\n                        <eb:mn>95<\/eb:mn>\n                        <eb:mi>%<\/eb:mi>\n                        <eb:mtext>CI<\/eb:mtext>\n                        <eb:mo>=<\/eb:mo>\n                        <eb:mn>3.43<\/eb:mn>\n                     <\/eb:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>, 19.27) were significantly associated with depression. Conclusions. In this study, more than half of the study participants were found having depression which is relatively higher compared with other previous studies across the globe. Moreover, different variables including the inmate\u2019s age of 38-47 years, having children, a sentence of 5-10 and over 10 years, history of mental illness, having two or more stressful life events, and poor social support were factors significantly associated with depression. Thus, awareness creation for police officers and prison managers about depression screening in prison and treatment programs including psychological counseling and cognitive behavioral therapy for prisoners are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2612900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T21:35:16Z","timestamp":1687815316000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of Depression and Its Associated Factors among Prisoners in North Wollo Zone, Northeastern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4505-1285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kindie Mekuria","family":"Tegegne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Woldia University, P.O. Box 400, Woldia, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9795-772X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Solomon Moges","family":"Demeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Science, Woldia University, P.O. Box 400, Woldia, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-1316","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mekonnin Tesfa","family":"Lemma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, P.O. Box 400, Woldia, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1505-9390","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayelign Mengesha","family":"Kassie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Woldia University, P.O. 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