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Jorck og Hustrus Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF14OC0011633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF14OC0011633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009099","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006308","name":"Helga og Peter Kornings Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF14OC0011633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF14OC0011633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006308","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009898","name":"Beckett-Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF14OC0011633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF14OC0011633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009898","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007403","name":"Dagmar Marshalls Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF14OC0011633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF14OC0011633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007403","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Danica Pension","award":["NNF14OC0011633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF14OC0011633"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021851","name":"William Demant Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF14OC0011633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF14OC0011633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018940","name":"Diabetesforeningen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF14OC0011633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF14OC0011633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018940","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Diabetes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim. To determine whether adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have morphological changes of the corneal nerve fibers and reduced smell and taste function compared to healthy control subjects as a sign of cranial nerve affection and to evaluate possible associated risk factors for cranial nerve affection. Methods. The study was a part of the T1DANES study including 60 adolescents (15\u2013&lt;19\u2009years) and 23 healthy age-matched controls. First, clinical and biochemical data on the participants were obtained, and the second step involved a test day with neurological examinations including corneal confocal microscopy (CCM), olfactory testing with Sniffin\u2019 Sticks, and gustatory assessment with taste-drop test. Results. The adolescents with T1D (mean diabetes duration 9.8\u2009years, mean HbA1c 61\u2009mmol\/mol) had lower CCM parameters (corneal nerve fiber density, corneal nerve branch density, corneal nerve fiber length, and corneal nerve fiber fractal dimension) compared to control subjects (all <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.05<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). No differences in total score for smell test (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.66<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) and taste test (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>p<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.47<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) were found, but adolescents with T1D had reduced ability to taste sweet (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>p<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>&lt;<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.01<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). In total, 24% had two or more reduced CCM parameters, 12% had reduced smell test, and 23% had abnormal taste test. Higher waist to height ratio (WHtR) was the only risk factor found for reduced corneal nerve fiber density, and higher BMI-SDS and WHtR were found for impaired taste function. Having abnormal smell test increased the risk for having abnormal taste perception, and vice versa. Conclusion. Up to 29% of adolescents with T1D had abnormal test scores indicating cranial nerve affection. Lower corneal nerve fiber density and reduced ability to taste sweet were found in adolescents with T1D compared to control subjects. Clinical attention to smell and taste function seems important because it requires intervention for advising adolescents with impaired smell and taste function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/2709361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:20:09Z","timestamp":1680308409000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cranial Nerve Affection in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Smell and Taste Tests"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1356-2833","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vinni Faber","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Pain Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Randers Regional Hospital, Randers, Denmark"},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorthe","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Thrys\u00f8e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Pain Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1ll","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Pain Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Madsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center North, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurt","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Randel","family":"Nyengaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Core Centre for Molecular Morphology, Section for Stereology and Microscopy, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid Juhl","family":"Terkelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Pain Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4263-1815","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Esben Thyssen","family":"Vestergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0864-7987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Therese","family":"Ovesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Flavour Balance and Sleep Ear Nose and Throat Department, G\u00f8dstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2021.108027"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1212-8"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2007.10.010"},{"key":"4","volume-title":"Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve","author":"J. 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Fj\u00e6ldstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Danish medical journal"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjaa041"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Diabetes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/pedi\/2023\/2709361.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/pedi\/2023\/2709361.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/pedi\/2023\/2709361.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:20:26Z","timestamp":1680308426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/pedi\/2023\/2709361\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Allison","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["2709361","2709361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/2709361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1399-5448","1399-543X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1399-5448","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1399-543X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]}}}