{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:32:07Z","timestamp":1788215527832,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wollo University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Toxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rhamnus prinoides is used as a traditional medicinal plant to treat pneumonia, sprain, gonorrhea, rheumatism, and ringworm infections as well as for the preparation of local beverages in Ethiopia. It has a widespread antioxidant, antimalarial, antimicrobial, wound healing, and anti-inflammatory activities. These activities are due to the presence of alkaloids, steroids, triterpenes, tannins, flavonoids, flavones, phenols, and glycosides. This study aimed to investigate acute and subacute toxicity of R. prinoides leaves on histopathology of the liver, kidney, and brain tissues, and biochemical profiles of rats. For the acute toxicity study, female rats were treated with R. prinoides at a dose of 5000\u2009mg\/kg body weight and followed-up for 14\u2009days. In the subacute toxicity study, four groups of rats were used. The first three groups, respectively, received 250, 500, and 1000\u2009mg\/kg body weight of R. prinoides extract and the fourth group was a control group. Signs of toxicity, food intake, and weight was recorded. At necropsy, organ weight measurement and macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of the liver, kidney, and brain were carried out. Different clinical chemistry profiles of rats were also measured. Single-dose oral administration of R. prinoides extract at 5000\u2009mg\/kg produced no mortality indicating the LD50 is greater than 5000\u2009mg\/kg body weight. A four week administration of R. prinoides extract did not bring deleterious outcomes on the food consumption and weight gain of rats. Moreover, gross examination, histopathological evaluation, and weight measurement conducted on the liver, kidney, and brain did not reveal treatment related changes. The biochemical analysis showed no significant difference between the treatment and control groups. Consumption of R. prinoides leaf for 4\u2009weeks might not have a toxic effect in rats. However, further investigations upon long-term administration should be conducted to have a wider safety margin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3105615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T18:50:09Z","timestamp":1674067809000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Acute and Subacute Toxicity of Rhamnus prinoides Leaves on Histopathology of Liver, Kidney, and Brain Tissues, and Biochemical Profile of Rats"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3528-4384","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melese Shenkut","family":"Abebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effect of aqueous extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia Amygdalina Del) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino Wistar rats","volume":"26","author":"E. 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Abegaz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia"},{"issue":"3","key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4314\/bcse.v26i3.2","article-title":"Levels of essential and non-essential metals in Rhamnus prinoides (Gesho) cultivated in Ethiopia","volume":"26","author":"A. Gebre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia"},{"key":"6","first-page":"33","article-title":"The essential oil of hops: aroma and flavor in hops and beer","volume":"2","author":"G. Tinseth","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brewing Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"7","first-page":"357","article-title":"Microbial profile of Tella and the role of gesho (Rhamnus prinoides) as bittering and antimicrobial agent in traditional Tella (Beer) production","volume":"21","author":"A. Berhanu","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Food Research Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of phytochemical, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial screening parameters of Rhamnus prinoides (Gesho) available in the market of Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"T. G. Amabye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Natural Products Chemistry & Research"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4297\/najms.2010.2230"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200701213070"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6677395"},{"key":"12","unstructured":"AbebeM. S.Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity and Teratogenicity of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Syzygium Guineense Wall. In Rats2021EthiopiaAddis Ababa UniversityPhD Dissertation"},{"key":"13","volume-title":"Guideline for Testing of Chemicals: Acute Oral Toxicity: Acute Toxic Class Method: Test No. 423","author":"OECD","year":"2001"},{"key":"14","volume-title":"Guideline for testing of chemicals: repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents. Test No. 407","author":"OECD","year":"2008"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2021.03.032"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21448\/ijsm.833554"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230701595300"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/65.2.166"},{"key":"19","first-page":"259","article-title":"Renal Toxicity","volume-title":"Veterinary Toxicology","author":"S. M. 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