{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T15:14:58Z","timestamp":1759936498274,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697500800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004919","name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003945","name":"Link\u00f6pings Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003945","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Seasonal influenza vaccination has different implications on the immune response depending on the comorbidities. Diabetes is one such critical disease that increases the patient\u2019s susceptibility to influenza and suppresses vaccine efficacy and immunity. The sex of the individuals also plays a definitive role in the immune responses to both the vaccine and the infection. This study aims to understand the efficacy of the seasonal vaccine against influenza in diabetic groups and undergoing immune mechanisms in different sexes (females and males). In this study, we are reporting about a switching of the immune response of the infected and vaccinated diabetic females towards stronger Th1\/Th17 responses with suppressed humoral immunity. They show increased cDC1, enhanced proinflammatory activities within T cells, CD8T activation, Th17 proliferation, and the majority of IgG2 antibody subtypes with reduced neutralization potential. Males with diabetes exhibit enhanced humoral Th2-immunity than the nondiabetic group. They exhibit higher cDC2, and DEC205 levels within them with an increase in plasma B lymphocytes, higher IgG1 subtypes in plasma cells, and influenza-hemagglutinin-specific IgG titer with stronger virus neutralization potential. Males with diabetes recovered better than the females as observed from the changes in their body weight. This study highlights the critical immune mechanisms and sex-specific swapping of their preferred immune response pathways against influenza after vaccination during diabetes. We propose a need for a sex-specific customized vaccine regimen to be implemented against influenza for individuals having diabetes to exploit the manifested strength and weakness in their protective immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3111351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T23:35:15Z","timestamp":1697585715000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex-Specific Immune Responses to Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Diabetic Individuals: Implications for Vaccine Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5385-0883","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anirban","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping 58185, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noha","family":"Al-Otaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyad 11442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1908-5609","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorma","family":"Hinkula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping 58185, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.720952"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe7199"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-100616-060718"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-018-0726-5"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-2120"},{"volume-title":"Sex, Gender and Influenza","year":"2010","author":"World Health Organization","key":"7"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120753"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.091823"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1496"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019409"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-256"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.02.009"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab422"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002149"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.110"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00870139"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0295-6"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/PiAP.2015.0065"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.94253"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1107"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108758"},{"issue":"2","key":"23","first-page":"161","article-title":"Is there a link between influenza and type I diabetes? Increased incidence of TID during the pandemic H1N1 influenza of 2009 in Chile","volume":"11","author":"C. Vald\u00e9s","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/039463201102400311"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2021.03.009"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.1938"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.07.095"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu066"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa564"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.08.015"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040504"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2210670\/v1"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000817"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104289"},{"volume-title":"Advanced Laboratory Techniques for Influenza Diagnosis, Repr. May 1979","year":"1975","author":"D. Palmer","key":"35"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2017.01.003"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1522"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063374"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.11.040193.001203"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-02-078071"},{"issue":"1","key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.19.1.595","article-title":"B cell development pathways","volume":"19","author":"R. R. Hardy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual review of immunology"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00604-15"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2215"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4662-7"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.49.19741-en"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2021.03.009"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2016.05.005"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.136"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.10.6333"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.151.3.673"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-074950"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.10.010"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2016.10.002"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.91077"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00812260"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/317537"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2006.01862.x"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02363-0"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz7086"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.3.5671.627"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.513"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67172-6"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2159154\/v1"}],"container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2023\/3111351.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2023\/3111351.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2023\/3111351.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]],"date-time":"2023-10-17T23:35:20Z","timestamp":1697585720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2023\/3111351\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jixin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["3111351","3111351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/3111351","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-7156","2314-8861"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2314-7156"},{"type":"print","value":"2314-8861"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,17]]}}}