{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T19:21:02Z","timestamp":1757704862350,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":145,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. The multiple forms of malnutrition, including overnutrition, undernutrition, and diet\u2010related noncommunicable diseases, are emerging crises in Asian countries. Past studies have focused more on malnutrition among overweight\/obese individuals; however, limited research has examined chronic energy\u2010deficient adults. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the prevalence and determinants of different forms of malnutrition among adults with different body mass index, using the Philippines as an example. Findings from this study will guide the development and implementation of public health nutrition programs and policies. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. A representative dataset from the 2013 Philippine National Nutrition Survey was used in the study. Adults aged \u226520 years (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 16,826) were included in the analysis after excluding those with missing values. Six phenotypes of malnutrition were assessed, including three in overweight\/obese adults (overweight\/obese with metabolic syndrome; those with micronutrient deficiency\u2013anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine insufficiency; and those with both metabolic syndrome and micronutrient deficiency) and three in chronic energy\u2010deficient (CED) adults (CED with either metabolic syndrome or micronutrient deficiency and with both metabolic syndrome and micronutrient deficiency). Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were examined as the determinants of different forms of malnutrition, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. The prevalence of the six phenotypes of malnutrition ranged from 0.4% to 10.2%, where overweight\/obese with metabolic syndrome was the most predominant type. The multinomial logistic regression models indicated that older age was the major risk factor across all phenotypes. Sex was associated with the outcomes in the overweight\/obesity group, whereas employment status was correlated with CED adults. Furthermore, higher educational levels, being married, living in affluent households, and not smoking were protective factors for conditions related to CED but not overweight\/obese individuals. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Malnutrition in all its forms is a significant public health concern that must be understood and addressed. Policymakers should implement appropriate intervention programs to control these nutritional problems considering the specific risk factors for the adult population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/3182289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T20:05:06Z","timestamp":1685131506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence and Determinants of Multiple Forms of Malnutrition among Adults with Different Body Mass Index: A Population\u2010Based Survey in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1258-5501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wan-Chen","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5381-986X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aileen R.","family":"de Juras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2437-5918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan C.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32497-3"},{"volume-title":"2020 Global Nutrition Report: Action on Equity to End Malnutrition","year":"2020","author":"Global Nutrition Report","key":"e_1_2_12_2_2"},{"volume-title":"eNutrition, Facts and Figures 2013 National Nutrition Survey","year":"2015","author":"Department of Science and Technology-Food and Nutrition Research Institute","key":"e_1_2_12_3_2"},{"volume-title":"Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures: 2018 Expanded National Nutrition Survey","year":"2020","author":"Department of Science and Technology-Food and Nutrition Research Institute","key":"e_1_2_12_4_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","first-page":"333","article-title":"Food intake, nutritional and health status of Filipino adults according to occupations based on the 8th National Nutrition Survey","volume":"24","author":"Aguila D. V.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Factors associated with overweight and obesity among adults 20.0 years and over: results from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey, Philippines","volume":"148","author":"Duante C. A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philippine Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-020-00597-x"},{"volume-title":"Data from: 2013 National Nutrition Survey","year":"2018","author":"Department of Science and Technology-Food and Nutrition Research Institute","key":"e_1_2_12_8_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_2","unstructured":"BarcenasM. L. The development of the 2003 master sample (MS) for Philippine household surveys Proceedings of the 9th National Nutrition on Statistics 2004 Manila Philippines 4\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic 2000 WHO Technical Report Series Geneva Switzerland."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.31.3.275"},{"volume-title":"Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention and Control, a Guide for Programme Managers","year":"2001","author":"World Health Organization, United Nations Children\u2032s Fund, United Nations University","key":"e_1_2_12_14_2"},{"volume-title":"Training Manual for Assessing Vitamin A Status by Use of the Modified Relative Dose Response and Relative Dose Response Assays","year":"1992","author":"Furr H. C.","key":"e_1_2_12_15_2"},{"volume-title":"Vitamin A Deficiency and Its Consequences: A Field Guide to Detection and Control","year":"1995","author":"Sommer A.","key":"e_1_2_12_16_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1993.3.119"},{"volume-title":"Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: A Guide for Programme Managers","year":"2001","author":"World Health Organization","key":"e_1_2_12_18_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012000729"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2014.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.21_sup.1-s9"},{"volume-title":"The Double Burden of Malnutrition Policy Brief","year":"2017","author":"World Health Organization","key":"e_1_2_12_22_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.5.1198"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0616"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002978"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192513X13508404"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.17.0020"},{"volume-title":"Employment and Poverty in the Philippines","year":"2015","author":"Rutkowski J. J.","key":"e_1_2_12_28_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/osp4.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.177"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-019-0481-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0060"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17584299.2016.1228285"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.1.217"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2788"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_2","first-page":"289","article-title":"Development, prevention, and treatment of alcohol-induced organ injury: the role of nutrition","volume":"38","author":"Barve S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Research: Current Reviews"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2023\/3182289.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2023\/3182289.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2023\/3182289","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T22:36:42Z","timestamp":1722897402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2023\/3182289"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sheba","family":"Mohankumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2023\/3182289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/3182289","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2314-6133"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2314-6141"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"3182289"}}