{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:32:37Z","timestamp":1761611557209,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":108,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Tuberculosis (TB) coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus\u2010 (HIV\u2010) infected patients is considered a risk of antiretroviral therapy (ART) failure. Coadministration of antitubercular therapy (ATT) with ART is another challenge for TB management. <jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>. The study was aimed at investigating contributing factors affecting treatment outcomes in HIV\u2010\/TB\u2010coinfected patients. <jats:italic>Design<\/jats:italic>. Cross\u2010sectional. <jats:italic>Setting<\/jats:italic>. Samples were collected from the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital Islamabad. <jats:italic>Subject and Methods<\/jats:italic>. Clinicodemographic and immunovirological factors between the two groups were compared. The Student <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010test and chi\u2010square test were applied to compare outcome variables, and logistic regression was applied to determine the effect of TB on virological failure (VF). <jats:italic>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:italic>. TB coinfection did not increase VF even in univariate (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.974) and multivariate analysis at 6 and 12 months of 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\u2010line ART start. ARV switching was significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.033) in TB\u2010coinfected patients. VF was significantly high in ATT\u2010coadministered patients along with a viral load of \u22651000 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.000). <jats:italic>Sample Size and Characteristics<\/jats:italic>. We recruited seventy\u2010four HIV patients on 2<jats:sup>nd<\/jats:sup>\u2010line ART; 33 coinfected with TB were followed for at least 12 months. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. In HIV\u2010\/TB\u2010coinfected patients, CD4 count, CD4 gain, and VF remained comparable to HIV patients with no TB infection. ATT significantly affects the treatment outcome, suggesting drug\u2010to\u2010drug interactions. These factors are important to revisit the therapeutic guidelines to maximize the benefit of dual therapy in resource\u2010limited settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4187488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T20:50:21Z","timestamp":1681937421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Second\u2010Line Antiretroviral Treatment Outcome in HIV\u2010Infected Patients Coinfected with Tuberculosis in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shafiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Zafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aftab","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5009-483X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Fatima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanvir Ahmed","family":"Mujahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rizwan","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Akhter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1842-084X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saif Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0914-0697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Adnan","family":"Shereen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9172-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Zeeshan","family":"Hyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1417-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","unstructured":"Organization WH TB and HIV and other comorbidities 2019 https:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/areas-of-work\/tb-hiv\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","unstructured":"WHO-EMRO Tuberculosis:Pakistan 2020 http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/pak\/programmes\/stop-tuberculosis.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","unstructured":"UNAIDS Country data Pakistan: epidemic estimates 2019 https:\/\/www.nacp.gov.pk\/repository\/howwework\/Publications\/Pakistan-2019-UNAIDS-data.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-016-0106-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20160519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2012.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00252-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","article-title":"Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection--United States","volume":"63","author":"CDC","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report: MMWR - 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