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The mice received via orogastric gavage phosphate buffered or 10\u2009mg\/kg aluminum hydroxide 3 times a week for 6 months. Administration of aluminum hydroxide decreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocyte. In the blood, kidney and liver function markers were evaluated, and long\u2010term administration of aluminum hydroxide led to an increase in AST levels and a decrease in urea levels. The animals exposed to aluminum showed higher lipid and protein oxidation in all the organs analyzed. In relation to the enzymes involved in antioxidant defense, the lungs showed lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity and a lower reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH\/GSSG) ratio. In the liver, aluminum administration led to a decrease in catalase activity and the GSH\/GSSG ratio. Lower catalase activity was observed in the small intestine, as well as in the lungs and liver. In addition to alterations in antioxidant defense, increased levels of the chemokine CCL\u20102 were observed in the lungs, lower levels of IL\u201010 in the liver and small intestine, and decreased levels of IL\u20106 in the intestine of the animals that received aluminum hydroxide for 6 months. Long\u2010term exposure to aluminum promoted steatosis in the liver. In the kidneys, mice treated with aluminum presented a decreased glomerular density than in the naive control group. In the small intestine, exposure caused villi shortening. Our results indicate that long\u2010term oral administration of aluminum hydroxide provokes systemic histological damage, inflammation, and redox imbalance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4499407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T14:36:05Z","timestamp":1696948565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Chronic Oral Administration of Aluminum Hydroxide Stimulates Systemic Inflammation and Redox Imbalance in BALB\/c Mice"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5226-6378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Beatriz Farias","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6644-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika Tiemi","family":"Kozima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thalles de Freitas","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2535-2737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nat\u00e1lia Alves","family":"de Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7399-6086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora Maria Soares","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6685-6229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Talvani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0286-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo Cunha Alvim","family":"de Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1061-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00edlvia Dantas","family":"Canguss\u00fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0804-5196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank Silva","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400701597766"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","article-title":"Statement of EFSA on the evaluation of a new study related to the bioavailability of aluminium in food","volume":"9","author":"Authority E. 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