{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T19:02:51Z","timestamp":1775070171846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]],"date-time":"2023-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In Kenya, the <jats:italic>D. abyssinica<\/jats:italic> rhizome\u2019s decoction is traditionally used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs), mainly gonorrhea and candidiasis. UTIs are the most severe public health problems that affect over one hundred and fifty million people worldwide annually. They are caused by a wide range of microorganisms where <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> is known to be the main causative pathogen. Medicinal plants are used in traditional Kenya set up for treatment and most recently as an alternative source of treatment for UTIs due to the increased cost of treatment and many challenges experienced with antibiotic therapy. The current study is designed to investigate the phytochemical composition, acute oral toxicity, and antimicrobial activity of <jats:italic>Digitaria abyssinica<\/jats:italic> rhizome extracts against <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhea<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>. The rhizomes of <jats:italic>D. abyssinica<\/jats:italic> were obtained, dried, ground, and extracted using water and organic solvents. The phytochemical assay was carried out using standard phytochemical screening methods. Single\u2010dose toxicity studies were done to determine LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> while disk diffusion and microbroth dilution techniques were used to determine antimicrobial activity. Results revealed that saponins, phenolics, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenes were present in the powder, aqueous, methanol, and dichloromethane\u2009:\u2009methanol extracts. All the extracts had an LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of above 2,000\u2009mg\/kg of body weight and there was no observation of behavioral changes. Also, the aqueous and methanol extracts revealed antifungal activity against <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> with the lowest average minimum zone of inhibition at MIC of 31.25\u2009mg\/ml. The study did not reveal antibacterial activity for any extract against the studied uropathogenic bacteria, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae.<\/jats:italic> The results from the current study suggested that <jats:italic>D. abyssinica<\/jats:italic> rhizome aqueous and methanol extracts have potential antifungal activity against <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>, thus validating the folklore of its use to treat candidiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4552095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T03:20:08Z","timestamp":1672975208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phytochemical Screening, Toxic Effects, and Antimicrobial Activity Studies of <i>Digitaria abyssinica<\/i> (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Stapf (Poaceae) Rhizome Extracts against Selected Uropathogenic Microorganisms"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6425-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Lemayian","family":"Sapunyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James Mucunu","family":"Mbaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3493-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laetitia Wakonyu","family":"Kanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0175-343X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meshack Juma","family":"Omolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2870-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared Misonge","family":"Onyancha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-018-0106-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052635"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3432"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","first-page":"4155","article-title":"Urinary tract infection:traditional and emerging pathogens","volume":"113","author":"Ronald A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Americas Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","first-page":"48","article-title":"Uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns: relationship with urinary tract infections","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed S. S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7341124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization World Malaria Report: 20 years of global progress and challenges 2020 https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/337660."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7123521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1895340"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (Who) Traditional medicine strategy 2014-2023 2013 https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/%2092455\/9789241506090_eng.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33091\/amj.0701622020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2092-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","article-title":"Assessment of antibacterial potential of Saccharum spontaneum Linn. (family: poaceae), against different pathogenic microbes-an in vitro study","volume":"3","author":"Hussain M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Preliminary phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (Poaceae) leaf ethanol extract against selected microbes citation","volume":"4","author":"Anes U. C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"American Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1529001\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-405927-6.00016-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24247\/ijmpsdec20212"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-020-00086-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/ijb.v4n2p64"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_124_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_2","first-page":"495","article-title":"Control of Digitaria abyssinica (A. Rich) stapf. With gyophosphate","volume":"3","author":"Baguma S. D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"African Crop Science Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_2","unstructured":"Heuz\u00e9V. TranG. andDelagardeR. African couch grass (Digitaria abyssinica) 2019 http:\/\/https:\/\/www.feedipedia.org\/node\/455."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_2","article-title":"Difficult weeds in Kenya","volume":"63","author":"Nyabundi K.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kenya coffee Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13002-015-0077-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17348\/era.14.0.289-298"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.04.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5667\/tang.2016.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5809-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_2","volume-title":"Textbook of Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis","author":"Harborne J. B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1367075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-2933-2.00017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_2","article-title":"Evaluation of uterotonic activity, acute oral toxicity, and phytochemical composition of uvariodendron anisatum verdc. Root extracts","volume":"2022","author":"Muthee K. B.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8819045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_2","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Kenyan Hydnora abyssinica A . Braun","volume":"2","author":"Onyancha J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/csj.v7i2.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/497606"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/tjps.galenos.2021.02058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2013.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_2","unstructured":"KamauL. N. Study of extent of use efficacy and acute toxic effects of selected antidiabetic plants in nyeri and narok counties kenya 2018 http:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke\/handle\/11295\/104428."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_2","volume-title":"Test No. 425: acute oral toxicity: up-and-down procedure, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section 4","author":"OECD","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-021-00342-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2017.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36468\/PHARMACEUTICAL-SCIENCES.556"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_2","first-page":"1717","article-title":"Medicinal potential of Digitaria: an overview","volume":"10","author":"Kumar M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01179"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2017.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065619"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20959\/wjpr20177-8758"}],"container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2023\/4552095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ecam\/2023\/4552095.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2023\/4552095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T15:48:37Z","timestamp":1722959317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2023\/4552095"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Rigano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2023\/4552095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/4552095","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-427X","1741-4288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-427X","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-4288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-09-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"4552095"}}