{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T13:07:56Z","timestamp":1763644076031,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["727610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["727610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Viera and Clavijo contracts for prestigious doctors","award":["727610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["727610"]}]},{"name":"Department of Economy, Knowledge and Employment of the Government of the Canary Islands","award":["727610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["727610"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aquaculture Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Substitution of fish-based ingredients may alter the nutritional profile of the feeds, including the vitamin contents, ultimately leading to unbalanced vitamin supply. Vitamin A plays an essential role in epithelium preservation, cell differentiation, reproduction, and vision. It also intervenes in skeletogenesis through chondrocytes development. Therefore, low levels of vitamin A may cause poor growth and abnormal bone development among other symptoms. Besides, in gilthead seabream excess vitamin A altered bone structure and homeostasis, indicating that an upper level for vitamin A in feeds for this species must be defined. For this purpose, a practical plant-based diet (FM 10% and FO 6%) containing five increasing levels of vitamin A (24,000, 26,000, 27,000, 31,000, and 37,000\u2009IU\/kg) supplemented as retinyl acetate was formulated to identify the effects of high levels of vitamin A for gilthead seabream juveniles. The trial was conducted with 450 total fish distributed into 15 tanks, where each diet was tested in triplicates for 70 days. At the end of the trial, samples were taken for analyses of vitamin A\u2014relevant markers. At the end of the trial the high levels of vitamin A supplementation did not cause a reduction in growth, whereas no significant effect was observed for the feed efficiency, specific growth rate, and feed convertion ratio. Although not significant, retinol content in liver showed a tendency to increase with the elevation of dietary vitamin A levels. Although minor, the highest level of vitamin A dietary content (37,000\u2009IU\/kg) caused a significant increase in caudal vertebrae partial fusion as well as caudal vertebrae malformations. Increasing dietary vitamin A was related to a reduction in the occurrence of microhemorrhages in the liver and a reduction in the presence of eosinophils associated to the pancreas. Overall, the results of the present study suggested that gilthead seabream juveniles fed a plant-based diet are able to tolerate very high levels of vitamin A supplementation when supplemented as retinyl acetate. Nevertheless, further supplementation should be avoided in order to reduce the prevalence of anomalies affecting the caudal vertebrae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5788432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:05:11Z","timestamp":1702598711000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High Levels of Vitamin A in Plant-Based Diets for Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Juveniles, Effects on Growth, Skeletal Anomalies, Bone Molecular Markers, and Histological Morphology"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6434-2734","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), University Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Road to Taliarte, 35200, Telde, Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4358-2157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), University Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Road to Taliarte, 35200, Telde, Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-9152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Jesus","family":"Zamorano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), University Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Road to Taliarte, 35200, Telde, Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0395-899X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), University Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Road to Taliarte, 35200, Telde, Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseane","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Metabolism and Reproduction of Aquatic Organisms (LAMEROA), Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, USP, Mat\u00e3o street, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1572-8171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ramon","family":"Fontanillas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skretting Aquaculture Research Centre AS, PO Box 48, N-4001, Stavanger, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4297-210X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marisol","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Group (GIA), University Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Road to Taliarte, 35200, Telde, Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(91)90040-E"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12342"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14667"},{"volume-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp","year":"2011","author":"National Research Council (NRC)","key":"4"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736991"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738505"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1613030"},{"key":"8","first-page":"62","article-title":"The vitamins","volume-title":"Fish Nutrition","author":"E. J. Halver","year":"2002","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.03.009"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.02.053"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051668"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2012.01997.x"},{"key":"13","article-title":"Dietary requirement of vitamin A acetate and beta carotene","volume-title":"Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1969","author":"H. K. Dupree","year":"1970"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.2008.01105.x"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051421"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2004.01.031"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.33.1126","article-title":"Studies on vitamin requirements of rainbow Trout-III","volume":"33","author":"S. Kitamura","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.34.959","article-title":"Requirement of young carp for vitamin A","volume":"34","author":"H. Aoe","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8446092"},{"key":"20","first-page":"181","article-title":"Yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata","volume-title":"Handbook of Nutrient Requirements of Finfish","author":"S. Shimeno","year":"1991"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(02)00665-8"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2004.01.030"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2004.00317.x"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.09.003"},{"key":"25","first-page":"123","article-title":"Interconversion of vitamins A and A2 in fishes","volume":"39","author":"O. R. Braekkan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Internationale Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Vitaminforechung"},{"key":"26","unstructured":"LeeP.-P. H.Carotenoids in cultured channel catfish1987Auburn, AlabamaAuburn UniversityPh.D. Dissertation"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(97)00293-7"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.19.1105"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12016"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.11.025"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.02.046"},{"key":"32","article-title":"Determination of vitamin A by high performance liquid chromatography-part 1: measurement of all-E-retinol and 13-Z-retinol","volume-title":"National Research Council (NRC): Nutrient Requirements of Fish","author":"N. E. N. Royal Netherlands Standardization Institute","year":"1993"},{"key":"33","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemistry","author":"AOAC International","year":"2000","edition":"15th"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues","volume":"226","author":"J. Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"The Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00446-4"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"37","first-page":"156","article-title":"Histoqu\u00edmica","volume-title":"T\u00e9cnicas de Histolog\u00eda Animal. Toray-Masson","author":"R. Martoja","year":"1970"},{"volume-title":"Bone & Vitamins\/Minerals","year":"2004","author":"L. I. Chiba","key":"38"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12013"},{"key":"40","first-page":"16","article-title":"Chapter 2 - Bones and Joints","volume-title":"Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals","author":"L. E. Craig","year":"2015","edition":"6th"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2010.02676.x"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12090"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm904"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200604150"},{"issue":"8","key":"45","first-page":"989","article-title":"FGF-2, BMP-2, and BMP-4 regulate retinoid binding proteins and receptors in 3T3 cells","volume":"7","author":"A. L. Means","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell Growth & Differentiation"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2011.10.001"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.06.056"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.3.1834"}],"container-title":["Aquaculture Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/anu\/2023\/5788432.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/anu\/2023\/5788432.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/anu\/2023\/5788432.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T00:05:23Z","timestamp":1702598723000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/anu\/2023\/5788432\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Shouqi","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["5788432","5788432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/5788432","relation":{},"ISSN":["1365-2095","1353-5773"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-2095"},{"type":"print","value":"1353-5773"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]}}}