{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:09:10Z","timestamp":1787069350234,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697068800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Objective. To define the incidence of infection following snakebite in tropical Australia and the resulting implications for the routine prescription of prophylactic antibiotics. Methods. A retrospective study of all individuals presenting to Cairns Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital in tropical Australia, after a snakebite between December 2013 and October 2020. Results. There were 732 hospitalisations, 720 (98.4%) patients presented within 8\u2009hours of the snakebite, and 29\/732 (4.0%) were envenomated. Envenomated patients were more likely to receive empirical antibiotics than nonenvenomated patients (8\/29 (27.6%) versus 14\/703 (2.0%),\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.001<\/a:mn>\n                      <\/a:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ), although this was frequently as a bundle of care for critically ill individuals. Superficial skin infection was diagnosed by clinicians in 6\/732 (0.8%) patients during their hospitalisation; infection was diagnosed more commonly in envenomated than in nonenvenomated patients (3\/29 (10.3%) versus 3\/703 (0.4%),\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>p<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.001<\/c:mn>\n                      <\/c:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ). All 3 envenomated individuals diagnosed with infection were believed to have taipan (genus Oxyuranus) bites. Five (83%) of the six patients diagnosed with infection had received empirical antibiotics at presentation; only 1\/710 (0.1%) patients who received no antibiotics developed a (superficial) infection. Conclusion. Infection is a very uncommon complication of snakebite in tropical Australia. Individuals bitten by snakes in tropical Australia should not routinely receive antibiotic prophylaxis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5812766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T18:35:10Z","timestamp":1697135710000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Incidence of Infection Complicating Snakebites in Tropical Australia: Implications for Clinical Management and Antimicrobial Prophylaxis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"given":"Laura K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7316-0505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Vardanega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"QML Pathology, Murarrie, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"NSW Poisons Information Service, Sydney NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1423-3839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Josh","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia"},{"name":"The Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007059"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13070482"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.00094"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00002-8"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090575"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2011.04.011"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.13788"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1314"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0036-46652001000600006"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-7438-3_61","article-title":"Snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon: Current Knowledge and Perspectives","volume-title":"Clinical Toxinology in Australia, Europe, and Americas","author":"S. S. de Oliveira","year":"2018"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0244-2021"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0041-0101(02)00104-6"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0369"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.06.006"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/samj.2017.v107i4.12084"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/smj.smj_68_18"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005745"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/jcdr\/2015\/14753.6322"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104121"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90112-r"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.39"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja12.11172"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-2026.2003.00509.x"},{"key":"24","article-title":"Antibiotics Therapeutic guidelines Ltd","author":"Etg Complete","year":"2021"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.026"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0615"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.12.015"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110668"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0196-0644(05)80207-0"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.19.2.142"},{"issue":"1","key":"31","first-page":"36","article-title":"Five-year experience with Chinese cobra (Naja atra)--related injuries in two acute hospitals in Hong Kong","volume":"16","author":"O. F. Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hong Kong Medical Journal"},{"key":"32","volume-title":"Clinical Toxinology Short Course Handbook","author":"J. White","year":"2019"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0196-0644(89)80275-6"},{"key":"34","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Snakebites","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"35","first-page":"874","article-title":"Antibiotic use and infection in snakebite victims","volume":"89","author":"R. S. Blaylock","year":"1999","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.14.2.244-269.2001"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/pl00012255"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.12.009"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005662"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2020.01.011"}],"container-title":["Journal of Tropical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2023\/5812766.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2023\/5812766.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2023\/5812766.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T18:35:14Z","timestamp":1697135714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jtm\/2023\/5812766\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Qin-Xiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["5812766","5812766"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/5812766","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9694","1687-9686"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9694","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1687-9686","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]]}}}