{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:21:24Z","timestamp":1787170884147,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82104797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020MR333"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020MR333"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is an essential pathological factor for heart failure. Previous studies have shown that the combination of\n                    <jats:italic>Carthamus tinctorius<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. and\n                    <jats:italic>Lepidium apetalum<\/jats:italic>\n                    Willd. (C\u2010L), two types of Chinese herbal medicine, can ameliorate MF after myocardial infarction (MI) in rats and inhibit the activation of myocardial fibroblasts. However, the mechanism of C\u2010L in the treatment of MF remains unclear.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A rat model of MF with left anterior descending coronary ligation\u2010induced MI was first established. Then, the effects of C\u2010L on cardiac function, MF, and endothelial\u2010to\u2010mesenchymal transition (EndMT) were evaluated by the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), serum N\u2010terminal pro\u2010brain natriuretic peptide (NT\u2010proBNP) levels, Masson\u2019s trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. Next, a hypoxia\u2010induced cardiac microvascular endothelial cell (CMEC) model was established to observe the effects of C\u2010L on EndMT. The supernatant of CMECs was collected and used to culture cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and observe the effects of CMEC paracrine factors on CFs.\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Animal experiments indicated that C\u2010L improves the cardiac function of rats after MI, inhibits the progression of EndMT and MF, and downregulates TGF\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    1, Snail, and CTGF expression. Cell experiments showed that drug\u2010loaded serum containing C\u2010L inhibits the EndMT of CMECs under hypoxic conditions. The culture supernatant of CMECs grown under hypoxic conditions significantly activated CFs. After treatment with C\u2010L, the activating factor for CFs in hypoxic CMEC culture supernatant was substantially downregulated, and the effect of the culture supernatant on CF activation was also reduced. However, TGF\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 agonists inhibited the effects of C\u2010L on CMECs and CFs.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our data demonstrated that by regulating the TGF\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    1\/Snail pathway, C\u2010L inhibits EndMT of CMECs and reduces the release of CF\u2010activating factors in cells undergoing EndMT.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6018375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T11:35:52Z","timestamp":1673523352000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The\n                    <i>Carthamus tinctorius<\/i>\n                    L. and\n                    <i>Lepidium apetalum<\/i>\n                    Willd. Drug Pair Inhibits EndMT through the TGF\n                    <i>\u03b2<\/i>\n                    1\/Snail Signaling Pathway in the Treatment of Myocardial Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1205-4455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1890-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dufang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1381-6338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7428-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2115"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.119.315125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa324"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10010051"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-022-10224-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2019.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102157"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.028282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.146"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.985108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8682316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1577957"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"A comprehensive review on morphological, genetic and phytochemical diversity, breeding and bioprospecting studies of genus Chlorophytum Ker Gawl. from India","volume":"6","author":"Nalawade A. 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