{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T02:32:22Z","timestamp":1771986742897,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62205005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021ITA01022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ITA01022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Universities Industry-University-Research Innovation Fund","award":["62205005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62205005"]}]},{"name":"China Universities Industry-University-Research Innovation Fund","award":["2021ITA01022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ITA01022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiaccess edge computing (MEC) is a novel distributed computing paradigm. In this paper, we investigate the challenges of task offloading scheduling, communication bandwidth, and edge server computing resource allocation for multiple user equipments (UEs) in MEC. Our primary objective is to minimize system latency and local energy consumption. We explore the binary offloading and partial offloading methods and introduce the dual agent-TD3 (DA-TD3) algorithm based on the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) TD3 algorithm. The proposed algorithm coordinates task offloading scheduling and resource allocation for two intelligent agents. Specifically, agent 1 overcomes the action space explosion problem caused by the increasing number of UEs, by utilizing both binary and partial offloading. Agent 2 dynamically allocates communication bandwidth and computing resources to adapt to different task scenarios and network environments. Our simulation experiments demonstrate that the binary and partial offloading schemes of the DA-TD3 algorithm significantly reduce system latency and local energy consumption compared with deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) and other offloading schemes. Furthermore, the partial offloading optimization scheme performs the best.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6134837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T20:05:20Z","timestamp":1703189120000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Dual-Agent Approach for Coordinated Task Offloading and Resource Allocation in MEC"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"given":"Jiadong","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1370-1780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chunxiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1","article-title":"Study on artificial intelligence: the state of the art and future prospects","volume":"23","author":"C. Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial Information Integration"},{"issue":"4","key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2745201","article-title":"A survey on mobile edge computing: the communication perspective","volume":"19","author":"Y. Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2682318","article-title":"Mobile edge computing: a survey on architecture and computation offloading","volume":"19","author":"P. Mach","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials"},{"issue":"1","key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-021-03376-3","article-title":"Joint wireless power transfer and task offloading in mobile edge computing: a survey","volume":"25","author":"E. Mustafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cluster Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.23919\/JCIN.2019.8917870","article-title":"Survey on reinforcement learning applications in communication networks","volume":"4","author":"Y. Qian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Communications and Information Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2019.2902661","article-title":"Smart resource allocation for mobile edge computing: a deep reinforcement learning approach","volume":"9","author":"J. Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing"},{"key":"7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning based computation offloading and resource allocation for MEC","author":"J. Li"},{"issue":"6","key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.3036871","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for task offloading in mobile edge computing systems","volume":"21","author":"M. Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distributed deep learning-based offloading for mobile edge computing networks","volume":"23","author":"L. Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mobile Networks and Applications"},{"issue":"5","key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.3047496","article-title":"Edge computing resource allocation for unmanned aerial vehicle assisted mobile network with blockchain applications","volume":"20","author":"H. Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1927937"},{"issue":"5","key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2015.2487344","article-title":"Efficient multi-user computation offloading for mobile-edge cloud computing","volume":"24","author":"X. Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Transactions on Networking"},{"issue":"2","key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3086687","article-title":"Maximization of value of service for mobile collaborative computing through situation-aware task offloading","volume":"22","author":"R. Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"},{"issue":"6","key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-022-02966-2","article-title":"A novel offloading scheduling method for mobile application in mobile edge computing","volume":"28","author":"Y. Y. Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wireless Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"15","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of optimization methods for computation offloading in edge computing networks","volume":"8","author":"K. Sadatdiynov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digital Communications and Networks"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2020.05.057","article-title":"Adaptive computation offloading and resource allocation strategy in a mobile edge computing environment","volume":"537","author":"Z. Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2018.10.003","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning-based joint task offloading and bandwidth allocation for multi-user mobile edge computing","volume":"5","author":"L. Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Digital Communications and Networks"},{"issue":"8","key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7944","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2917890","article-title":"Computation offloading and resource allocation for cloud assisted mobile edge computing in vehicular networks","volume":"68","author":"J. Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"9","key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6949","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3153316","article-title":"Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning for task offloading in UAV-assisted mobile edge computing","volume":"21","author":"N. Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"2","key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3091142","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for energy-efficient computation offloading in mobile-edge computing","volume":"9","author":"H. Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4088","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114088","article-title":"Deep learning-based dynamic computation task offloading for mobile edge computing networks","volume":"22","author":"S. Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"17","key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13196","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3064995","article-title":"Partial computation offloading in NOMA-assisted mobile-edge computing systems using deep reinforcement learning","volume":"8","author":"T. P. Truong","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-021-02632-z","article-title":"Computation offloading optimization for UAV-assisted mobile edge computing: a deep deterministic policy gradient approach","volume":"27","author":"Y. Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wireless Networks"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108690","article-title":"Optimization for computational offloading in multi-access edge computing: a deep reinforcement learning scheme","volume":"204","author":"J. Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computer Networks"},{"issue":"12","key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10934","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3188302","article-title":"DRL-based partial offloading for maximizing sum computation rate of wireless powered mobile edge computing network","volume":"21","author":"S. Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"4","key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2954","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3123406","article-title":"Intelligent delay-aware partial computing task offloading for multiuser industrial internet of things through edge computing","volume":"10","author":"X. Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"8","key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5404","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2020.2993071","article-title":"Offloading and resource allocation with general task Graph in mobile edge computing: a deep reinforcement learning approach","volume":"19","author":"J. Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications"},{"issue":"12","key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9367","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3110412","article-title":"Multitask offloading strategy optimization based on directed acyclic graphs for edge computing","volume":"9","author":"J. Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12061304","article-title":"Computational offloading for MEC networks with energy harvesting: a hierarchical multi-agent reinforcement learning approach","volume":"12","author":"Y. Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"30","first-page":"1587","article-title":"Addressing function approximation error in actor-critic methods","volume":"80","author":"S. Fujimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of Machine Learning Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"31","first-page":"A187","article-title":"Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning","volume":"8","author":"T. P. Lillicrap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computer Science"}],"container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jece\/2023\/6134837.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jece\/2023\/6134837.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jece\/2023\/6134837.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T20:05:51Z","timestamp":1703189151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jece\/2023\/6134837\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"B. Rajanarayan","family":"Prusty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["6134837","6134837"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/6134837","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0155","2090-0147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0155","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-0147","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]}}}