{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:48:40Z","timestamp":1787017720429,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":178,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009392","name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSAU\/2023\/R\/1444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011821","name":"Ministry of Education \u2013 Kingdom of Saudi Arabi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011821","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that has resulted in high healthcare costs, increased mortality, and the emergence of novel bacterial diseases.\n                    <jats:italic>Cardiobacterium valvarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an antibiotic\u2010resistant bacterium, is one of the leading causes of heart disease. Currently, there is no licensed vaccination against\n                    <jats:italic>C. valvarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In this research, an\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010based vaccine was designed against\n                    <jats:italic>C. valvarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    using reverse vaccinology, bioinformatics, and immunoinformatics techniques. 4206 core proteins, 2027 nonredundant proteins, and 2179 redundant proteins were predicted. Among nonredundant proteins, 23 proteins were predicted in an extracellular membrane, 30 in the outer membrane, and 62 in the periplasmic membrane region. After applying several subtractive proteomics filters, two proteins, TonB\u2010dependent siderophore receptor and hypothetical protein, were chosen for epitope prediction. In the epitope selection phase, B and T\u2010cellepitopes were analyzed and shortlisted for vaccine design. The vaccine model was designed by linking selected epitopes with GPGPG linkers to avoid flexibility. Furthermore, the vaccine model was linked to cholera toxin B adjuvant to induce a proper immune response. The docking approach was utilized to analyze binding affinity to immune cell receptors. Molecular docking results predicted 12.75\u2009kcal\/mol for a Vaccine with MHC\u2010I, 6.89 for a vaccine with MHC\u2010II, and 19.51 vaccine with TLR\u20104. The MMGBSA estimated \u201094, \u201078, and \u201076\u2009kcal\/mol for TLR\u20104 and vaccine, MHC\u2010I and vaccine, and MHC\u2010II and vaccine, while the MMPBSA analysis estimated \u201097, \u201061, and \u201072\u2009kcal\/mol for TLR\u20104 with the vaccine, MHC\u2010I with vaccine, and MHC\u2010II with a vaccine. Molecular dynamic simulation analysis revealed that the designed vaccine construct has proper stability with immune cell receptors as it is essential for inducing an immune response. In conclusion, we observed that the model vaccine candidate has the potency to induce an immune response in the host. However, the study is designed purely on a computational basis; hence, experimental validation is strongly recommended.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6325568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T18:50:07Z","timestamp":1687978207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of a Novel Vaccine Candidates against\n                    <i>Cardiobacterium valvarum<\/i>\n                    through Reverse Vaccinology and Computational Approaches"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9343-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal F.","family":"Albaqami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-6611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Altharawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan N.","family":"Althurwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid M.","family":"Alharthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4832-4250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Tahir ul Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyad Tariq","family":"Muhseen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8550-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madiha","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00295.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola C. 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