{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T19:40:24Z","timestamp":1783366824206,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,24]],"date-time":"2023-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":113,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015285","name":"Hebei Province Medical Science Research Key Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20232091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. To investigate the value of <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> genes in the hedgehog pathway in malignant mesothelioma specimens. Further study on the expression and prognosis of <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> in malignant mesothelioma tissues and the relationship between the two and the molecular mechanisms of mesothelioma immunity and to further investigate the prognostic value of mesothelioma expression. <jats:italic>Materials and Methods<\/jats:italic>. Immunohistochemistry and RT\u2010qPCR were applied to detect the expression of <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> proteins and mRNA in biopsy specimens and plasma cavity effusion specimens from malignant mesothelioma (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 130) and benign mesothelial tissues (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 50) and to analyze the clinicopathological significance and survival risk factors of <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> protein expression in mesothelioma. The mechanisms of mesothelioma cell expression and immune cell infiltration were investigated using bioinformatics methods. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> in mesothelioma tissues detected high concordance between the diagnostic results of mesothelioma biopsy specimens and plasma cavity effusion specimens. The expression levels of <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> protein and mRNA in mesothelioma tissues were higher than those in benign mesothelioma tissues. The expression levels of <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> protein were correlated with the age, site, and asbestos exposure history of patients with mesothelioma. The expression levels of <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> protein were correlated with the expressions of ki67 and p53 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> gene expression levels were negatively correlated with good prognosis in mesothelioma patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Cox proportional risk model indicated that protein expressions of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, staging, and genes were independent prognostic factors of mesothelioma. The GEPIA database showed the overall survival rate and the disease\u2010free survival rate of mesothelioma patients in the high <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> expression groups; the UALCAN database analysis showed lower <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> expression levels in mesothelioma patients with more pronounced TP53 mutations (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001); <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> gene expression levels were strongly correlated with lymph node metastasis in mesothelioma patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.009). Timer database analysis showed that the mechanism of immune cell infiltration was closely related to <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> expression. The degree of immune cell infiltration was strongly correlated with the prognosis of mesothelioma patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The expression levels of both <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> proteins were higher than those of normal mesothelial tissues, and the mRNA expression levels also changed in the same direction. <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> gene expressions in mesothelioma were negatively correlated with age, site of occurrence, and history of asbestos exposure. Positive expression of <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> was negatively correlated with patient survival. The Cox proportional risk model showed that gender, history of asbestos exposure, site of occurrence, <jats:italic>SMO<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>GLI1<\/jats:italic> were independent prognostic factors for mesothelioma. The mechanism of immune cell infiltration in mesothelioma is closely related to the gene expression of both and the survival prognosis of mesothelioma patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6575194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T03:35:08Z","timestamp":1682393708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High Expression of <i>SMO<\/i> and <i>GLI1<\/i> Genes with Poor Prognosis in Malignant 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