{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:18:18Z","timestamp":1767676698923,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Ability Improvement Project of Jiangsu Province Hospital","award":["JSPH-NB-2021-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSPH-NB-2021-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Emergency Medicine International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Despite its ethical implications, physical restraint (PR) is widely used in the intensive care unit (ICU) to guarantee the safety of patients. This study investigated the frequency and risk factors of PR use for patients in the ICU to establish a predictive nomogram. Methods. Clinical parameters of patients admitted to the ICU of Jiangsu Province Hospital from January 2021 to July 2021 were retrospectively collected. Independent risk factors of PR were analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. The R software was used to establish the nomogram. Model performance was validated using the concordance-index (C-index) and calibration curves. Results. The rate of PR use was 46.32% (233\/503 patients). Age (B\u2009=\u20090.036, odds ratio [OR]: 1.037, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.022\u20131.052, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>&lt;<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.001<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), consciousness disorder (B\u2009=\u20090.770, OR: 2.159, 95% CI: 1.216\u20133.832, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.009<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), coma (B\u2009=\u2009\u22121.666, OR: 0.189, 95% CI: 0.101\u20130.353, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>P<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>&lt;<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.001<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), passive activity (B\u2009=\u20091.014, OR: 2.756, 95% CI: 1.644\u20134.618, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>P<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>&lt;<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.001<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), delirium (B\u2009=\u20090.993, OR: 2.699, 95% CI: 1.097\u20136.642, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <i:math xmlns:i=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M5\">\n                        <i:mi>P<\/i:mi>\n                        <i:mo>=<\/i:mo>\n                        <i:mn>0.031<\/i:mn>\n                     <\/i:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), \u22123\u2009&lt;\u2009Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) score &lt;2 (B\u2009=\u20090.698, OR: 2.009, 95% CI: 1.026\u20133.935, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <k:math xmlns:k=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M6\">\n                        <k:mi>P<\/k:mi>\n                        <k:mo>=<\/k:mo>\n                        <k:mn>0.042<\/k:mn>\n                     <\/k:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), RASS score \u22652 (B\u2009=\u20091.253, OR: 3.499, 95% CI: 1.126\u201310.875, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <m:math xmlns:m=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M7\">\n                        <m:mi>P<\/m:mi>\n                        <m:mo>=<\/m:mo>\n                        <m:mn>0.030<\/m:mn>\n                     <\/m:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>), and mechanical ventilation (B\u2009=\u20091.696, OR: 5.455, 95% CI: 2.804\u201310.611, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <o:math xmlns:o=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M8\">\n                        <o:mi>P<\/o:mi>\n                        <o:mo>&lt;<\/o:mo>\n                        <o:mn>0.001<\/o:mn>\n                     <\/o:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) were identified as independent risk factors for PR in the ICU (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <q:math xmlns:q=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M9\">\n                        <q:mi>P<\/q:mi>\n                        <q:mo>&lt;<\/q:mo>\n                        <q:mn>0.05<\/q:mn>\n                     <\/q:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) and included in the nomogram. The C-index was 0.830, and the calibration curve indicated good discriminatory ability and accuracy (mean absolute error: 0.026). Conclusion. The prediction nomogram model of PR in ICU was established based on age, mobility, delirium, consciousness, RASS score, and mechanical ventilation. It showed good discrimination and accuracy. This nomogram may predict the probability of PR use in the ICU and guide nurses in developing precise interventions to reduce the rate of PR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6618366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T02:05:07Z","timestamp":1681783507000},"page":"1-8","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Nomogram for Predicting Physical Restraint of Patients in Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9575-5163","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric ICU, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8480-9627","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ICU, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya-Li","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric ICU, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su-Lian","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology ICU, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2834.2002.00319.x"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.15052"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2007.00140.x"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nhs.12000"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-021-02737-5"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2702.2003.00789.x"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2015.09.011"},{"issue":"6","key":"8","first-page":"483","article-title":"The investigation of body constraint related characteristic and influence factors for patients in intensive care unit","volume":"33","author":"N. 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