{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:55:49Z","timestamp":1747191349567,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676678400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Complexity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptanalysis is the process of finding flaws or oversights in an encryption algorithm. Nearly, all encryption algorithms are carefully examined through cryptanalysis to determine the security of the system in which the encryption algorithm has been employed. A5\/1 is a well-known encryption algorithm which is inbuilt in mobile phone for securing GSM communication, and therefore, cryptanalysis of this algorithm is also important. A5\/1 consists of three linear feedback registers of lengths 23, 22, and 19 bits. Due to the nonlinear clocking mechanism of A5\/1, cryptanalytic attacks of guess-and-determine (GD) nature are efficient and more successful. In this paper, we propose a new low keystream GD attack on GSM encryption algorithm A5\/1. The basic idea of GD attack is guessing some portion of the registers of A5\/1 and determining remaining portion of the registers via the relationship between the register\u2019s state and the known intercepted keystream. The guessed and determined register\u2019s state is validated by running the cipher forward from that state. If the intercepted keystream matches the generated keystream, we accept it. Otherwise, we discard and try the attack again. The computational complexity and the success rate of the proposed attack are O <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mfenced open=\"(\" close=\")\" separators=\"|\">\n                           <a:mrow>\n                              <a:msup>\n                                 <a:mrow>\n                                    <a:mn>2<\/a:mn>\n                                 <\/a:mrow>\n                                 <a:mrow>\n                                    <a:mn>52<\/a:mn>\n                                 <\/a:mrow>\n                              <\/a:msup>\n                           <\/a:mrow>\n                        <\/a:mfenced>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> and 96.6%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7249127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T17:17:49Z","timestamp":1676740669000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A New Guess-and-Determine Method for Cryptanalysis of the GSM Encryption"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9803-0050","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashish","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3594-1877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Inderjeet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ajay Kumar Garg Engineering College, Ghaziabad, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7308-7800","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Akhilesh Kumar","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8893-9458","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nirmal Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5517-4134","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Partha","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Comilla University, Comilla, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"article-title":"A5\/1: hacking digital phones","year":"1994","author":"R. 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Bogdanov","key":"6"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-022-04379-7"},{"article-title":"Zuc specification","year":"2012","author":"Gsma","key":"8"},{"issue":"1","key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:19950490","article-title":"A space\/time trade-off in exhaustive search attacks on stream ciphers","volume":"408","author":"S. Babbage","year":"1995","journal-title":"European convention on security and detection"},{"first-page":"239","article-title":"Cryptanalysis of alleged A5 stream cipher","author":"J. D. Goli\u0107","key":"10"},{"key":"11","article-title":"A pedagogical A5\/1 implementation","volume":"1","author":"M. Briceno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scientific & Academic"},{"first-page":"23","article-title":"Weak key-iv pairs in the a5\/1 stream cipher","author":"A. Alhamdan","key":"12"},{"first-page":"43","article-title":"Cryptanalysis of the A5\/1 GSM stream cipher","author":"E. Biham","key":"13"},{"first-page":"318","article-title":"Software-hardware trade-offs: application to A5\/1 cryptanalysis","author":"T. Pornin","key":"14"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"Real time cryptanalysis of A5\/1 on PC","author":"A. Biryukov","key":"15"},{"key":"16","first-page":"155","article-title":"A hardware-based attack on the A5\/1 stream cipher","volume-title":"ITG FACHBERICHT","author":"J. Keller","year":"2001"},{"first-page":"600","article-title":"Instant ciphertext-only cryptanalysis of GSM encrypted communication","author":"E. Barkan","key":"17"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tit.2002.806129"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"An improved correlation attack on A5\/1","author":"A. Maximov","key":"19"},{"first-page":"1","article-title":"Conditional estimators: an effective attack on A5\/1","author":"E. Barkan","key":"20"},{"first-page":"266","article-title":"A real-world attack breaking A5\/1 within hours","author":"T. Gendrullis","key":"21"},{"first-page":"747","article-title":"Breaking the GSM A5\/1 cryptography algorithm with rainbow tables and high end FPGAS","author":"M. Kalenderi","key":"22"},{"first-page":"485","article-title":"A low data complexity attack on the gmr-2 cipher used in the satellite phones","author":"R. Li","key":"23"},{"first-page":"54","article-title":"New guess-and-determine attack on the self-shrinking generator","author":"B. Zhang","key":"24"},{"first-page":"169","article-title":"A replication attack in wireless sensor networks: analysis and defences","author":"V. Manjula","key":"25"},{"first-page":"501","article-title":"Differential-linear and impossible differential cryptanalysis of round-reduced scream","author":"A. D. Dwivedi","key":"26"}],"container-title":["Complexity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2023\/7249127.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2023\/7249127.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2023\/7249127.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]],"date-time":"2023-02-18T17:17:53Z","timestamp":1676740673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/complexity\/2023\/7249127\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rosa M.","family":"Lopez Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["7249127","7249127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/7249127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1099-0526","1076-2787"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1099-0526"},{"type":"print","value":"1076-2787"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,18]]}}}