{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:49:17Z","timestamp":1787017757166,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper deals with the optimal design of different VLSI circuits, namely, the CMOS voltage reference circuit and the CMOS ring oscillator (RO). The optimization technique used here is the multiobjective differential evolution algorithm (MDEA). All the circuits are designed for 90\u2009nm technology. The main objective of the CMOS voltage reference circuit is to minimize the voltage variation at the output. The targeted value of the reference voltage is 550\u2009mV. A CMOS ring oscillator (RO) is designed depending on the performance parameters such as power consumption and phase noise. The optimal transistor sizing of each circuit is obtained from MDEA. Each circuit is implemented in SPICE by taking the optimal dimensions of the transistors, and the performance parameters are achieved. The designed voltage reference circuit achieves a reference voltage of 550\u2009mV with 600\u2009nW power dissipation. The reference voltage variation of 8.18% is observed due to temperature variation from \u221240\u00b0C to\u2009+\u2009125\u00b0C. The MDEA-based optimal design of RO oscillates at 2.001\u2009GHz frequency, has a phase noise of \u221287\u2009dBc\/Hz at 1\u2009MHz offset frequency, and consumes 71\u2009\u03bcW power. This work mainly aims to optimize the MOS transistors\u2019 sizes using MDEA for better circuit performance parameters. SPICE simulation has been carried out by using the optimal values of MOS transistor sizes to exhibit the performance parameters of the circuit. Simulation results establish that design specifications are closely met. SPICE results show that MDEA is a better technique for the optimal design of the above-mentioned VLSI circuits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7621594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T15:05:20Z","timestamp":1691507120000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimal Design of Voltage Reference Circuit and Ring Oscillator Circuit Using Multiobjective Differential Evolution Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7777-8289","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandeep K.","family":"Dash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1146-1692","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bishnu Prasad","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6951-3240","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pravin K.","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0878-7405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bhargav","family":"Appasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5789-0580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajib","family":"Kar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, NIT Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4205-6534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Durbadal","family":"Mandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, NIT Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9311-7598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicu","family":"Bizon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics, Communication and Computers, University of Pitesti, Pitesti 110040, Romania"},{"name":"University Politehnica of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei Street No. 313, Bucharest 060042, Romania"},{"name":"ICSI Energy, National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","volume-title":"Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems","author":"J. H. Holland","year":"1975"},{"issue":"3","key":"2","first-page":"441","article-title":"An optimized device sizing of analog circuits using genetic algorithm","volume":"69","author":"P. P. Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"European Journal of Scientific Research"},{"key":"3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Automatic synthesis of analog integrated circuits using genetic algorithms and electrical simulations","volume":"15","author":"L. C. Severo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. 24th South Symp"},{"key":"4","first-page":"890","article-title":"Comparative study of ant colony and genetic algorithms for VLSI circuit partitioning","volume":"28","author":"S. S. Gill","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci.Eng. Technol."},{"key":"5","first-page":"801","article-title":"A Parallel genetic algorithm for floorplan area optimization","author":"M. Tang"},{"key":"6","first-page":"433","article-title":"CMOS op-amp synthesis by means of a genetic algorithm","author":"W. Kruiskamp"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968","article-title":"Particle swarm optimization","volume":"18","author":"J. Kennedy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int. Conf On Neural Network"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0040812","article-title":"Comparison between genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization","volume-title":"Evolutionary Programming-VII","author":"R. Eberhart","year":"1998"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2012.01.003"},{"key":"10","first-page":"525","article-title":"Swarm intelligence based sizing methodology for CMOS operational amplifier","volume":"15","author":"R. A. Vural","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. 12th IEEEsymp. On Computational Intelligence and Informatics"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10470-009-9361-3"},{"key":"12","volume-title":"Differential Evolution-A Simple and Efficient Adaptive Scheme for Global Optimization over Continuous Spaces, Technical Report","author":"R. Storn","year":"1995"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/NABIC.2009.5393356","volume-title":"Differential Evolution and Swarm Intelligence Techniques for Analog Circuit Synthesis","author":"S. L. Sabat","year":"2009"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/NABIC.2009.5393755","volume-title":"A differential evolution algorithm for restrictive channel routing problem in VLSI circuit design","author":"S. Vijayakumar","year":"2009"},{"key":"15","first-page":"375","article-title":"A novel diferential evolution based optimization algorithm for non-sliceable VLSI foorplanning","volume":"39","author":"G. N. Rani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Science and Technology"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcsii.2021.3089937"},{"key":"17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hybrid particle swarm optimization algorithm for area minimization in 65 nm technology","author":"R. Rashid"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcad.2022.3166637"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcad.2021.3081405"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcsi.2017.2768826"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tcad.2021.3054811"},{"key":"22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning for analog circuit sizing","author":"Z. Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218126620502618"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cds.2018.5259"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2019.106485"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03772063.2019.1649207"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/math.2022813"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s0218126618500299"},{"key":"29","first-page":"2696","article-title":"Differential evolution for multi-objective optimization","author":"B. V. Babu"},{"key":"30","volume-title":"Multi-objective Differential Evolution Algorithm for Environmental-Economic Power Dispatch Problem","author":"S. R. Spea","year":"2010"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCCSP.2012.6217801","volume-title":"Tuning PID Controller with Multi-Objective Differential Evolution","author":"I. Chiha","year":"2012"},{"key":"32","volume-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithms","author":"K. Deb","year":"2001"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.996017"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31880-4_36","article-title":"Differential evolution for multi objective optimization","volume-title":"Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Evolutionary Multi-Criterion Optimization","author":"T. Robic","year":"2005"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02644400610644504"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jssc.2009.2021922"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4218\/etrij.2021-0203"},{"key":"38","article-title":"Constrained multiobjective optimization based design of CMOS ring oscillator","volume-title":"International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics","author":"P. K. Rout","year":"2014"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/EDKCON56221.2022.10032939","article-title":"Multi-objective genetic algorithm for optimal design of CMOS ring oscillator","author":"S. Kund","year":"2022","journal-title":"2022 IEEE International Conference of Electron Devices Society Kolkata Chapter (EDKCON)"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4.766813"}],"container-title":["Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jece\/2023\/7621594.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jece\/2023\/7621594.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jece\/2023\/7621594.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T15:05:43Z","timestamp":1691507143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jece\/2023\/7621594\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"M. Jamal","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["7621594","7621594"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/7621594","relation":{},"ISSN":["2090-0155","2090-0147"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2090-0155","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2090-0147","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]}}}