{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:50:17Z","timestamp":1790805017856,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":291,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Purpose<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Both systemic and inhaled corticosteroids may increase the risk of cataract in patients with both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Our aim was to assess the degree of association between cataract and corticosteroid exposure in patients with asthma and COPD.\n                    <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A systematic literature review and meta\u2010analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010analyses guidelines. The odds ratio estimates were extracted from each article. A random effects model was applied for estimate pooling in separate meta\u2010analyses according to study design. Meta\u2010regression was performed to assess the dose\u2010response relationship between corticosteroid exposure and the risk of cataract development.\n                    <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A total of 19 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this review, of which 12 studies provided effect estimates for pooled analyses. All but one of the included observational studies reported a significant association between use of corticosteroids and cataract development in cohorts of asthma and\/or COPD patients. Pooled analyses revealed on average a doubled risk of cataract in corticosteroid\u2010exposed asthma and COPD patients. Studies have shown that daily high\u2010dose inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)\u2009\u2265\u20091000\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                    g is associated with a significant risk of developing cataract and by that predispose to subsequent cataract surgery, although one study showed that systemic corticosteroids increase cataract risk more than ICS.\n                    <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    . ICS treatment in asthma and COPD patients is a risk factor for cataract development. Our results emphasize a previously underestimated potential long\u2010term risk of treatment with ICS and underline the importance of targeting ICS treatment, and not least dosing, to improve the risk\u2010benefit ratio of maintenance treatment in both asthma and COPD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8209978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,19]],"date-time":"2023-10-19T18:50:12Z","timestamp":1697741412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Inhaled Corticosteroid Exposure and Risk of Cataract in Patients with Asthma and COPD: A Systematic Review and 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