{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:43:28Z","timestamp":1790099008371,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695081600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Despite being a grave problem, there is little information on rheumatic heart disease\u2019s prevalence in East Africa. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the pooled prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in East Africa. Materials and Methods. A computerized systematic search of using multiple database searching engines was performed in search of relevant English articles from the inception of the databases to December 2019. It was done in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) standard. The funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. R and RStudio for Windows were used for all statistical analysis. The random-effect model was used for calculating the pooled estimate of the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease. Results. The database search retrieved 1073 papers, and 80 articles (78 cross-sectional and two cohort study designs) with a total of 184575 individuals were found to be appropriate for the review. In East Africa, the overall prevalence of rheumatic heart disease was 14.67% (95% CI: 13.99% to 15.35%). In Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, and Sudan, respectively, the subgroup analysis of rheumatic heart disease pooled prevalence was 22% (95% CI: 13% to 36%), 11% (95%t CI: 5% to 20%), 9% (95%t CI: 5% to 16%), and 3% (95%t CI: 1% to 10%), while the pooled prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in adults was 20% (95% CI: 12% to 30%), and in children, it was 4% (95% CI: 2% to 8%). Conclusions. From this report, the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in East Africa is very high, affecting about one in seven people. Therefore, future strategies should emphasize preventive measures at appropriate times to minimize the burden of this type of preventable heart disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8834443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T17:50:09Z","timestamp":1695145809000},"page":"1-16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Rheumatic Heart Disease in East Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7282-7248","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guesh","family":"Mebrahtom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0625-3845","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abrha","family":"Hailay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woldu","family":"Aberhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kidane","family":"Zereabruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teklehaimanot","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternity and Neonatal Nursing, School of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.157"},{"key":"3","volume-title":"The Current Evidence for the Burden of Group A Streptococcal Diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60692-4"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000032"},{"key":"6","volume-title":"Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease Report by the Director General Seventy-First World Health Assembly","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"issue":"10","key":"7","first-page":"780","article-title":"Rheumatic heart disease: social and economic dimensions","volume":"98","author":"K. A. Robertson","year":"2008","journal-title":"SAMJ: South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2013.08.008"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025326"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.07.079"},{"issue":"4","key":"11","first-page":"215","article-title":"Prevalence of heart disease in school children in rural Kenya using colour-flow echocardiography","volume":"73","author":"G. Anabwani","year":"1996","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"12","first-page":"49","article-title":"Cardiac surgery for valvular heart disease at a referral hospital in Ethiopia: a review of cases operated in the last 30 years","volume":"54","author":"S. Guteta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"key":"13","article-title":"African Studies and African Country Resources @ Pitt\/East African Countries","author":"University of Piitsburgh","year":"2023"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203104"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/mst.2013.0188"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2013.14.141.2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"20","first-page":"235","article-title":"Subclinical rheumatic heart disease in an Eritrean high-school population, detected by echocardiography","volume":"23","author":"E. Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Heart Valve Disease"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2011.01520.x"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800050172"},{"issue":"4","key":"23","article-title":"The occurrence and pattern of cardiovascular diseases among pregnant mothers attending saint Paul\u2019s hospital in Addis Ababa","volume":"57","author":"D. Bacha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"24","first-page":"173","article-title":"Heart diseases in north ethiopia pattern of echocardiographic abnormalities among adult cardiac patients-an experience from Ayder Hospital of Mekelle University","volume":"52","author":"A. Adem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000174417"},{"key":"26","first-page":"A3692","article-title":"An Ethiopian medical intensive care unit: characteristics and outcomes at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in B47","volume-title":"Critical Care: Clinical Research Discoveries, Epidemiology, and Health Services for Sepsis","author":"N. Navuluri","year":"2016"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S131259"},{"issue":"6","key":"28","first-page":"859","article-title":"Ethiopian cardiovascular studies: case-finding by mass miniature radiography","volume":"39","author":"E. Parry","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"29","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular emergencies in specialized ospital, Addis Ababa Ethiopia","volume":"4","author":"T. Hailemariam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartasia-2016-010829"},{"key":"31","first-page":"2828","article-title":"Drug therapy problem among patients with cardiovascular diseases in Felege Hiwot referral Hospital, Northeast","volume":"4","author":"G. T. Tegegne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bahir Dar Ethiopia International Journal of Pharmacy Teaching & Practices"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2015.20.75.4696"},{"issue":"2","key":"33","first-page":"70","article-title":"Endocarditis in Ethiopia. Analysis of 51 cases from Addis Ababa","volume":"45","author":"R. Hodes","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-307444"},{"issue":"12","key":"35","first-page":"772","article-title":"The changing pattern of cardiovascular diseases in Ethiopia","volume":"70","author":"M. Maru","year":"1993","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v29i1.2"},{"issue":"2","key":"37","first-page":"85","article-title":"Drug therapy problems and contributing factors among patients with cardiovascular diseases in Felege Hiwot referral and Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"G. T. Tegegne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"38","article-title":"Pattern of heart disease in children over five years period in Jimma University Hospital: a retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"T. Malede","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v20i2.69435"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-015-0111-4"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-6577.1000149"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.232"},{"issue":"1","key":"43","first-page":"34","article-title":"Pattern and trend of medical admissions of patients of chronic non-communicable diseases in selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"A. Bekelea","year":"2015","journal-title":"American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"44","article-title":"Management and outcome of pulmonary hypertension in pregnancy: experience from a university hospital in northern Ethiopia","volume":"57","author":"A. Hailu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethiopian Medical Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"45","first-page":"121","article-title":"Profile of cardiac disease in an out-patient cardiac clinic","volume":"45","author":"E. Daniel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Tropical and Geographical Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"46","first-page":"27","article-title":"Pattern of cardiac disease at pediatric cardiac clinic of Tikur Anbessa Hospital","volume":"2","author":"Y. Mehadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7147234"},{"issue":"2","key":"48","first-page":"113","article-title":"Profile of cardiac diseases in Ethiopian children","volume":"67","author":"D. Ephrem","year":"1990","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316687104"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-019-01318-x"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000174993"},{"issue":"11","key":"52","first-page":"601","article-title":"Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease among school children in Addis Ababa","volume":"76","author":"K. Oli","year":"1999","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"53","first-page":"9","article-title":"Pattern of cardiac illness in children at Zewditu Memorial Hospital","volume":"4","author":"T. Moges","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.08.069"},{"issue":"1","key":"55","first-page":"23","article-title":"Clinical and socio demographic aspects of congestive heart failure patients at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi","volume":"76","author":"G. O. Oyoo","year":"1999","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmr101"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(89)90254-4"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21767\/AMJ.2017.3047"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-53"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE2008006"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12353"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.10.002"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2017-007"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2018-022"},{"issue":"2","key":"65","first-page":"86","article-title":"Pattern of heart disease at AlShab Teaching Hospital; a decade into the new millennium","volume":"47","author":"D. S. R. Kafle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.23.4.383"},{"issue":"9","key":"67","first-page":"580","article-title":"Pattern of congenital heart disease in Sudanese children","volume":"71","author":"A. El Hag","year":"1994","journal-title":"East African Medical Journal"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29089\/2017.17.00006"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17987\/icfj.v2i1.82"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2018.07.04"},{"key":"71","first-page":"156","article-title":"Prevalence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in school children in Malwa region of MP","volume":"1","author":"P. Yadav","year":"2010","journal-title":"National. Journal of Community Medicine"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12816\/0039456"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/1997.3.1.17"},{"key":"74","article-title":"A Epidemiology of cardiac disease during pregnancy in Khartoum Hospital, Sudan","volume":"4","author":"K. Yassin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Women's Health Care"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.46.5.477"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-019-01292-4"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v19i2.8"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-305599"},{"key":"79","unstructured":"LuggajoP.Prevalence and characteristics of echocardiographically diagnosed patients with rheumatic heart disease at muhimbili national hospital, Dar-es-salaam, [Ph.D. thesis]2009Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(66)90230-6"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.28.6.759"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S100637","article-title":"Atrial fibrillation among the black population in a Ugandan tertiary hospital","volume":"9","author":"C. Lugero","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of General Medicine"},{"key":"83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2014-034"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/004947507781524665"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313171"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.092312"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559602600310"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308236"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002161"},{"issue":"2","key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000827","article-title":"Prevalence of latent rheumatic heart disease among HIV-infected children in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"71","author":"B. Gleason","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0813-5"},{"key":"92","volume-title":"Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease: Report of a WHO expert Consultation, Geneva","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53540-4","article-title":"Prevalence and progression of rheumatic heart disease: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based echocardiographic studies","volume":"9","author":"J. J. Noubiap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2012.7"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70310-9"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015017"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0438-9"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2015-037"},{"issue":"3","key":"99","first-page":"241","article-title":"Towards a uniform plan for the control of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Africa-the awareness surveillance advocacy prevention (ASAP) programme","volume":"96","author":"K. A. Robertson","year":"2006","journal-title":"South African Medical Journal"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2015-090"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2005.03.048"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.088"},{"key":"103","article-title":"The burden of rheumatic heart disease among children in Lagos: how are we fairing?","volume":"29","author":"B. A. Animasahun","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Pan African Medical Journal"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004020"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijr\/2023\/8834443.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijr\/2023\/8834443.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijr\/2023\/8834443.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]],"date-time":"2023-09-19T17:50:42Z","timestamp":1695145842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijr\/2023\/8834443\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Samar","family":"Tharwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["8834443","8834443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/8834443","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9279","1687-9260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9279","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1687-9260","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,19]]}}}