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Following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), restenosis caused by vascular remodeling is always formed at the stent implantation site. Here, we show that Ginkgolide B (GB), a naturally occurring terpene lactone, effectively suppresses vascular remodeling and subsequent restenosis in wild-type mice following left carotid artery (LCA) injury. Additional experiments reveal that GB exerts a protective effect on vascular remodeling and further restenosis through modulation of the Tgf\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway in vivo and in human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMAs) but not in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. Moreover, the beneficial effect of GB is abolished after incubated with pirfenidone (PFD, a drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF), which can inhibit Tgf\u03b21. In Tgf\u03b21-\/- mice, treatment with pirfenidone capsules and Yinxingneizhi Zhusheye (including Ginkgolide B) fails to improve vascular remodeling and restenosis. In conclusion, our data identify that GB could be a potential novel therapeutic agent to block vessel injury-associated vascular remodeling and further restenosis and show significant repression of Tgf\u03b21\/Smad signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8848808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T23:50:22Z","timestamp":1702511422000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ginkgolide B Blocks Vascular Remodeling after Vascular Injury via Regulating Tgf\u03b21\/Smad Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"given":"Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0076-0793","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hanbin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collections Conservation Research Center, Shanghai Natural History Museum (Branch of Shanghai Science and Technology Museum), Shanghai 200041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3582-008X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhanhong","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/521581"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hco.0000160373.77190.f1"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-005-0012-6"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.537878"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.088294"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01323"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.02355"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031182"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.140.10.3303"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58938-z"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-013-1767-7"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-008-0659-8"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0430082100"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2006.09.002"},{"key":"15","first-page":"169","article-title":"Role of transforming growth factor-beta1\/Smads in regulating vascular inflammation and atherogenesis","volume":"473","author":"M. 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