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Head-based VBI uses head motion to steer the computer pointer and mouth-opening gestures to select the keyboard keys. Gaze-based VBI utilizes gaze for pointing at the keys and an adjustable dwell for key selection. The results showed that after three sessions (45\u2009min of typing in total), able-bodied novice participants (N\u2009=\u200934) typed significantly slower yet yielded significantly more accurate text with head-based VBI with gaze-based VBIs. The analysis of errors and corrective actions relative to the spatial layout of the keyboard revealed a difference in the error correction behavior of the participants when typing using both interfaces. We estimated the error correction cost for both interfaces and suggested implications for the future use and improvement of VBIs for hands-free text entry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8855764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T18:50:06Z","timestamp":1700679006000},"page":"1-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vision-Based Interfaces for Character-Based Text Entry: Comparison of Errors and Error Correction Properties of Eye Typing and Head Typing"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8010-7868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yulia","family":"Gizatdinova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality and Computing, TAUCHI Research Center, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7679-4631","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oleg","family":"\u0160pakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality and Computing, TAUCHI Research Center, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8262-4583","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Outi","family":"Tuisku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality and Computing, TAUCHI Research Center, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"},{"name":"School of Industrial Engineering, Tampere University of Applied Sciences, 33520 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4198-8401","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Four Eyes Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5110, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3986-0713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Veikko","family":"Surakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Emotions, Sociality and Computing, TAUCHI Research Center, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.2002.1012"},{"key":"2","article-title":"Perceptual interfaces","volume-title":"Emerging Topics in Computer Vision","author":"M. 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