{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T19:08:38Z","timestamp":1784833718768,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689638400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective. To evaluate the prevalence, severity, and associated factors of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) among dental students. Methods. This cross-sectional study was performed on undergraduate dental students from four dental colleges in Punjab, Pakistan. Fonseca\u2019s questionnaire was used to measure the prevalence and severity of the TMD among the study participants. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Results. Of 364 dental students, 323 returned the completed questionnaires and the response rate of the study was 88.7%. The study included 52.6% males and 47.4% females. The prevalence of TMD was 66.9% with mild TMD in 40.90%, moderate TMD in 14.6%, and severe TMD in 11.50% of the participants. Psychological stress (29.6%), malocclusion (20%), and hypersensitivity (19.5%) were common among participants. The mean TMD score of the sample was 31.54\u2009\u00b1\u200924.86 which was significantly higher among participants with no\/school-educated mothers (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>P<\/a:mi>\n                        <a:mo>=<\/a:mo>\n                        <a:mn>0.021<\/a:mn>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) and fathers (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\">\n                        <c:mi>P<\/c:mi>\n                        <c:mo>=<\/c:mo>\n                        <c:mn>0.002<\/c:mn>\n                     <\/c:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>). The participants with arthritis (72.81\u2009\u00b1\u200932.19) and malocclusion (59.46\u2009\u00b1\u200931.09) and those who received orthodontic treatment (53.21\u2009\u00b1\u200934.21) demonstrated higher TMD. After controlling for other study variables, the participants with arthritis were 4.71 times more likely to have moderate\/severe TMD (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\">\n                        <e:mi>P<\/e:mi>\n                        <e:mo>=<\/e:mo>\n                        <e:mn>0.042<\/e:mn>\n                     <\/e:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) than those without arthritis. Similarly, the participants with malocclusion had significantly higher odds (OR\u2009=\u20093.57, <jats:inline-formula>\n                     <g:math xmlns:g=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M4\">\n                        <g:mi>P<\/g:mi>\n                        <g:mo>=<\/g:mo>\n                        <g:mn>0.029<\/g:mn>\n                     <\/g:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula>) of having moderate\/severe TMD than those without malocclusion. Conclusion. This sample of dental students demonstrated a high prevalence and severity of TMD. The participants with arthritis and malocclusion demonstrated higher TMD. The study findings underscore the importance of prevention, early diagnosis, and management of TMD among the dental students.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8895544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T23:35:36Z","timestamp":1689723336000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Temporomandibular Disorders among Dental Students in Pakistan: Assessment of Prevalence, Severity, and Associated Factors Based on Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2259-6602","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Ashraf","family":"Nazir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P O Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Izhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community & Preventive Dentistry, FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shafia","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community & Preventive Dentistry, FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Tanvir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community & Preventive Dentistry, FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faris","family":"Nemat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Faculty of Dentistry, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1G6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Waleed","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Western Ontario, Faculty of Health Science, 1151 Richmond St, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P O Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2003.11746234","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and management of disorders involving the temporomandibular joint and related musculoskeletal structures","volume":"21","author":"American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cranio: The Journal of Craniomandibular and Sleep Practice"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016350510019739"},{"issue":"4","key":"3","first-page":"E292","article-title":"Review of temporomandibular joint pathology. 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