{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:42:08Z","timestamp":1791567728785,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":192,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. In sub\u2010Saharan Africa, malaria, chronic viral diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and haemoglobinopathies are common causes of anaemia. Continual surveillance data is required to situate the anaemia and infectious disease burden within a given population. This study determined the 4\u2010year trends of anaemia, hepatitis B virus (HBV), and HCV infections and factors associated with anaemia in young Ghanaian adults. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. This retrospective study analysed the medical records of 21,716 fresh students at the University of Cape Coast. Data was presented as percentages and line graphs to show the yearly trends in anaemia, HBV, and HCV infections. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the increased odds of anaemia in participants. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Although the 4\u2010year anaemia prevalence was 14.2% (95% CI: 0.1403\u20130.1498), anaemia prevalence in women and men were 24.1% (95% CI: 0.2387\u20130.2562) and 6.6% (95% CI:0.0616\u20130.0705), respectively. Anaemia prevalence consistently remained mild (males) and moderate (females) public health problem over the four\u2010year period. Adolescents were more represented in the anaemic group (18.7% prevalence), 70.9% of them being females. The prevalence of HBV and HCV infections were 5.4% (95% CI:0.0506\u20130.0567) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.0082\u20130.0108), respectively; only 0.1% of participants had HBV and HCV coinfection. Males were more represented in both HBV (71.2%) and HCV (63.7%) infection groups. Moreover, 15.8% of the participants who were seropositive for HBsAg self\u2010reported having previously been vaccinated, suggesting a breakthrough infection and\/or vaccine nonresponse. Furthermore, female (COR: 4.545; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), teenagers (COR: 1.697; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), 20\u201329 years (COR: 1.221; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.035), and positive sickling slide test (COR: 1.176; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003) were statistically significantly associated with increased odds of anaemia. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Intentional preventative public health campaigns regarding anaemia, HBV, and HCV infection should, respectively, target females and young adult males to increase chances of making real change in behavioural attitudes in these at\u2010risk groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9318984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]],"date-time":"2023-07-12T23:20:09Z","timestamp":1689204009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["HBV Infection Is an Intermediate\u2010Risk Disease, Whereas Anaemia Is a Mild\u2010to\u2010Moderate Public Health Problem in Young Ghanaian Adults: A Four\u2010Year Retrospective Analysis of Students\u2019 Medical Records"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Amoah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Nicholas","family":"Yartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praise","family":"Fosu Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Owusu-Akyaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3950-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Boachie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Larbi","family":"Simpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9686-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","volume-title":"WHO\/NMH\/NHD\/MNM. vol. 11.1","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-022-03450-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"A review on anaemia\u2013types, causes, symptoms and their treatments","volume":"1","author":"Soundarya N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Science and Technology Investigation"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002268"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison between the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children with urinary tract infections and without urinary tract infections in Hazrat Masoumeh Hospital of Qom in 2019-2020","volume":"9","author":"Razavi M. R.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Nephrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","volume-title":"Global Nutrtion Targets 2025 - Anaemia policy brief","author":"WHO","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2509-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249978"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","volume-title":"The Global Prevalence of Anaemia in 2011","author":"WHO","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","volume-title":"Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016\u20132021: Towards Ending Viral Hepatitis","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6010015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2019.33.96.18042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4005208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","first-page":"65","volume-title":"Women\u2019s health in the majority world: Issues and initiatives","author":"MacDonald C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110604"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia among university students in Noakhali region, Bangladesh","volume":"32","author":"Shill K. B.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2020.1786997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6684839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/AHMT.S94865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxab024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234348"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1467-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","article-title":"Ministry of Health-Ghana immunization programme comprehensive multi-year plan in line with global immunization vision and strategies","author":"Vision G. I.","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Nephrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v7.i18.2127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017922302854"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29617"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.06.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200157"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3376-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2893-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C viral infections among blood donors from rural Ghana","volume":"45","author":"Nkrumah B.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ghana Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2389-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1708-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","first-page":"239","article-title":"Frequency of hepatitis C virus antibodies and elevated serum alanine transaminase levels in Ghanaian blood donors","volume":"19","author":"Acquaye J. K.","year":"2000","journal-title":"West African Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03709.x"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2023\/9318984.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2023\/9318984.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2023\/9318984","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T23:33:00Z","timestamp":1722900780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2023\/9318984"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gianpiero","family":"Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2023\/9318984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/9318984","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6133","2314-6141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"},{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-06-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"9318984"}}