{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:41:31Z","timestamp":1784547691467,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":290,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Oral mucosa is encountered by various lesions and normal variants. Some are not to be worried about, whereas others may be of significance. Knowing the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a particular region helps better evaluate, diagnose, and, thus, manage these lesions. <jats:italic>Objectives<\/jats:italic>. To assess the prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants among various age groups, genders, and sites of the orofacial region. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. This cross\u2010sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from January 2021 to March 2021. Three different proformas were designed according to age, gender, and location of lesions for entry as per the WHO\u2019s guide. The obtained data were entered into a Microsoft Excel sheet for frequency analysis by SPSS, and the results were tabulated. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Among the records of 16572 (9703 (58.55%) males and 6869 (41.44%) females) OPD patients, 3495 (21.08%) (1934 (55.33%) males and 1561 (44.66%) females) had OMLs and 2314 (13.96%) (1626 (70.26%) males and 688 (29.73%) females) had normal mucosal variants. The most commonly seen OML categories were tobacco\u2010associated lesions, i.e., 2056 (34.07%), tongue lesions, i.e., 1598 (26.48%), oral potentially malignant disorders, i.e., 815 (13.50%), ulcers i.e., 728 (12.06%), and infectious lesions, i.e., 256 (4.24%). <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The Nepalese population has a wide range of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants, and this study has attempted to have baseline data for the same. The most common OML was smoker\u2019s melanosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9375084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T19:07:11Z","timestamp":1697656031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Prevalence and Distribution of Oral Mucosal Lesions and Normal Variants among Nepalese Population"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2057-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parikshya","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5642-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sijan","family":"Poudyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3468-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandeep","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram Sudan","family":"Lamichhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3387-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Surendra Kumar","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1804-1404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peeyush","family":"Shivhare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.141322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25259\/JGOH_68_2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/2525-5711.20160002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01351-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4030134"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","first-page":"311","article-title":"Clinicopathological analysis of oral lesions \u2013 a hospital based retrospective study","volume":"68","author":"Poudel P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kathmandu University Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.3283"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1980.tb01249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.3.e10"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SDENTJ.2013.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2017.05.344"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2004.01062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","first-page":"169","article-title":"Original Article Prevalence and risk indicators of oral mucosal lesions in adult population visiting primary health centers and community health centers in Kodagu District","volume":"6","author":"Kumar S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2003.00967.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201900040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2010.01712.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.29877"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.55166"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","first-page":"504","article-title":"Prevalence of oral lesions in the dental office","volume":"57","author":"Demko C. 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