{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:54:42Z","timestamp":1790747682863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695686400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4000039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Breast Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare and benign disease that primarily affects young women of reproductive age. Various factors have been suggested as possible causes, including pregnancy, breastfeeding, history of taking birth control pills, hyperprolactinemia, smoking, and history of trauma. Due to unknown etiology, opinions on its treatment have varied, resulting in differing recurrence rates and side effects. Therefore, conducting a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis can aid in understanding the causes and recurrence of the disease, thereby assisting in the selection of effective treatment and improving the quality of life. A systematic literature review was conducted using predefined search terms to identify eligible studies related to risk factors and recurrence up to June 2022 from electronic databases. Data were extracted and subjected to meta-analysis when applicable. A total of 71 studies with 4735 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 34.98\u2009years, and the average mass size was 4.64\u2009cm. About 3749 of these patients (79.17%) were Caucasian. Patients who mentioned a history of pregnancy were 92.65% with 76.57%, 22.7%, and 19.7% having a history of breastfeeding, taking contraceptive pills, and high prolactin levels, respectively. Around 5.6% of patients had previous trauma. The overall recurrence rate was 17.18%, with recurrence rates for treatments as follows: surgery (22.5%), immunosuppressive treatment (14.7%), combined treatment (14.9%), antibiotic treatment (6.74%), and observation (9.4%). Only antibiotic and expectant treatments had significant differences in recurrence rates compared to other treatments (<jats:inline-formula>\n                     <a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\">\n                        <a:mi>p<\/a:mi>\n                     <\/a:math>\n                  <\/jats:inline-formula> value\u2009=\u20090.023). In conclusion, factors such as Caucasian race, pregnancy and breastfeeding history, and use of contraceptive hormone are commonly associated with the disease recurrence. Treatment should be tailored based on symptom severity and patient preference, with surgery or immunosuppressive options for recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9947797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T17:05:27Z","timestamp":1695747927000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Factors Affecting Recurrence of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2023","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5164-4082","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asieh Sadat","family":"Fattahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Research Center, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghasem","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Research Center, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Sajedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8745-6558","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hassan","family":"Mehrad-Majd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Ghaem Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-022-00380-5"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.03.2010.2844"},{"issue":"1","key":"3","first-page":"38","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"103","author":"K. Haitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.13446"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/ejbh.2018.3709"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.13822"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000000734"},{"issue":"5","key":"8","first-page":"393","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Experience at a cancer center","volume":"66","author":"P. Cornejo-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista de investigacion clinica; organo del Hospital de Enfermedades de la Nutricion"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asjsur.2015.02.003"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2017.06.009"},{"issue":"6","key":"11","first-page":"373","article-title":"[Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis treated with steroids and methotrexate]","volume":"79","author":"G. Pe\u00f1a-Santos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ginecolog\u00eda y Obstetricia de M\u00e9xico"},{"issue":"3","key":"12","first-page":"174","article-title":"Mastitis granulomatosa idiop\u00e1tica","volume":"81","author":"V. M. Vargas-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista del Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/148727"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2015.04.003"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.14115"},{"issue":"12","key":"16","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatus lobular mastitis. A forgotten clinical diagnosis","volume":"24","author":"M. A. Al Nazer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1075-122x.2004.21336.x"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1075-122x.2005.00127.x"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-007-9116-1"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1422.063"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2007.07.041"},{"issue":"47","key":"22","first-page":"1317","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis in Hispanic women-Indiana, 2006-2008","volume":"58","author":"M. Goldman","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000325408"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2010.02.002"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-009-4292-2"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1825-2"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2011.089565"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2012.04.028"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2012.683075"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hct040"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000357320"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12123"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"33","first-page":"193","article-title":"Therapeutic strategy for granulomatous lobular mastitis: a clinicopathological study of 12 patients","volume":"75","author":"K. Akahane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nagoya Journal of Medical Science"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4174\/jkss.2013.85.1.1"},{"issue":"5","key":"35","first-page":"393","article-title":"Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Experience at a cancer center","volume":"66","author":"P. Cornejo-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n Cl\u00ednica"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2482-14-66"},{"issue":"1","key":"37","first-page":"5","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of surgical and medical therapy for the treatment of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"19","author":"M. Salehi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12263"},{"issue":"8","key":"39","first-page":"476","article-title":"Granulomatous lobular mastitis","volume":"17","author":"K. Mahlab-Guri","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Israel Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/bd-140373"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2014.08.044"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.11.022"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-014-0966-5"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.12929"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.12415"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/bd-150198"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/bd-160238"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000448800"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/bd-160259"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3857-7"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2017.07.002"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-017-0412-0"},{"key":"53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2018.08.010"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05084-x"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.10.023"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2019.06.030"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.13300"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2018.1424270"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/apjcp.2019.20.3.929"},{"key":"60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.13590"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2020.05.029"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/apjcp.2020.21.4.993"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.181205"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2019.4516"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2003-93"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000023136"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2012-192"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-020-02204-2"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.14065"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12893-021-01210-6"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2020645"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.14218"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08941939.2020.1861666"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2021.0023"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/140842"},{"key":"76","volume-title":"The Effectiveness of Local Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Breast-Limited Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Study","author":"M. Y. Karami","year":"2022"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2021.151812"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5146\/tjpath.2021.01554"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.103587"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-021-02367-6"},{"key":"81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0030"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000501498"}],"container-title":["The Breast Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tbj\/2023\/9947797.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tbj\/2023\/9947797.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/tbj\/2023\/9947797.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T17:05:42Z","timestamp":1695747942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/tbj\/2023\/9947797\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Neslihan","family":"Cabioglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["9947797","9947797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/9947797","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-4741","1075-122X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-4741","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1075-122X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]]}}}