{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:21:33Z","timestamp":1790223693640,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":314,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Multidrug\u2010resistant (MDR) bacteria have significantly affected the management and treatment of wound infections globally. Data on the prevalence of MDR bacterial profiles that cause wound infections in Ethiopia are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to determine MDR as well as extended\u2010spectrum beta\u2010lactamase production profiles of Gram\u2010negative rods that are difficult to treat with conventional antibiotics and that cause wound infections.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of extended\u2010spectrum beta\u2010lactamase producer Gram\u2010negative rods and associated factors among patients with wound infection at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, northwest Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> This hospital\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study was conducted at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital between May and July 2022. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 228 participants. Swabs from different wound types were inoculated onto the MacConkey agar and blood agar plates and incubated overnight at 37\u00b0C for 24\u2009h. Biochemical tests were performed on isolated colonies for the identification of bacterial species based on their biochemical reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion technique as per the standard Kirby\u2013Bauer method by using Muller\u2013Hinton agar, and the zone of inhibition was interpreted as resistant, intermediate, and sensitive as per the recommendation of Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Isolates were tested against ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime for extended\u2010spectrum beta\u2010lactamase screening using the Kirby\u2013Bauer disk diffusion method, and combined disk tests were applied for phenotypic confirmatory test of extended\u2010spectrum beta\u2010lactamase producing isolates.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Result:<\/jats:bold> Of 228 study participants, 162 (71.1%) were culture\u2010positive. Among culture\u2010positive patients, 165 Gram\u2010negative bacteria were recovered. The most common Gram\u2010negative isolates were <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (47; 28.5%), followed by <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (43; 26.1%) and <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (24; 14.5%)<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> The susceptibility rates of the isolate for imipenem and tobramycin were 97.0% and 73.2%, respectively, and the overall multidrug resistance rate was 80.5%. Extended\u2010spectrum beta\u2010lactamase producer bacteria were also isolated. Besides, all (100%) of extended\u2010spectrum beta\u2010lactamase producer bacteria were MDR. Living in rural areas (AOR 5.8; 95% CI [2.01\u201316.7]), hospital admission (AOR 3.95; 95% CI [1.13\u201313.83]), antibiotic use (AOR 2.83; 95% CI [1.03\u20137.72]), and comorbidity (AOR 0.25; 95% CI [0.07\u20130.59]) were significantly associated with wound infection.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions and Recommendations:<\/jats:bold> There was a high prevalence of Gram\u2010negative bacterial isolates in this study<jats:italic>. Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (28.5%) was the predominant isolate. In addition, high rates of multidrug resistance were observed. The high level of multidrug resistance in this study implies that definitive therapy should be based on culture and susceptibility analysis to promote the rational use of antibiotics and to reduce the emergence of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/1478975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:53:24Z","timestamp":1731286404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence of Extended\u2010Spectrum Beta\u2010Lactamase Producer Gram\u2010Negative Rods and Associated Factors Among Patients With Wound Infection at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6273-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Tesfaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wudu","family":"Tafere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9839-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wondwossen","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yitayih","family":"Wondimeneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2001.13.supplement-2.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KhatiwadaS. 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