{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:51:29Z","timestamp":1791910289615,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":263,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82103957"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82103957"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002822","name":"Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZZTS0897"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZZTS0897"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Depression and Anxiety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Perinatal depression (PND) in low\u2010resource areas is a significant concern that imposes a substantial burden on both families and societies. Although many studies have explored rural PND, there is a lack of systematic synthesis of the existing research. This study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of PND among rural women and to summarize its determinants.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Comprehensively electronic searches were performed across eight English databases. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of the study and extracted the relevant data. Any inconsistencies were resolved through discussion with a third reviewer. Prevalence estimates were calculated using a random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis model. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and meta\u2010regression were employed to examine the source of heterogeneity. In addition, a narrative synthesis of the influence factors reported in the included studies was provided.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The search identified 17,810 studies, of which 86 were included in the analyses. The pooled prevalence of PND in rural areas was 22.1% (95% CI 19.0%\u201325.3%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001, <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u200999.2%). Subgroup analyses indicated higher PND prevalence in low\u2010income (24.5%) and lower middle\u2010income countries (22.8%). Additionally, PND prevalence was greater when assessed using self\u2010reported screening instruments (22.8%) compared to diagnostic interviews (17.6%). Major risk factors included violence, antenatal psychiatric disorder, low family income, male\u2010child preference, and food insecurity, while positive social support and higher levels of education were protective factors.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Our findings suggest that the prevalence of PND is higher in rural areas compared to global data, particularly in low\u2010income and lower middle\u2010income countries. To improve rural maternal mental health, it is essential to develop measures targeting modifiable risk factors for PND, including promoting gender equality, implementing antiviolence initiatives, and strengthening economic support systems. Addressing these factors can help reduce the burden of PND and enhance the well\u2010being of mothers in rural communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/1882604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T13:35:29Z","timestamp":1726839329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Global Prevalence of Perinatal Depression and Its Determinants Among Rural Women: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9129-025X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ting","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7258-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0261-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoni","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9453-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8129-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiangmin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes","volume":"119","author":"Gaynes B. N.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evidence Report Technology Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.db"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0934"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2010.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2019.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization Social Determinants of Mental Health 2014 https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/112828\/9789241506809_eng.pdf;jsessionid=31F6E074DFC1BF497BEAD976055F3328?sequence=1."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","unstructured":"International Labour Office Global evidence on inequities in rural health protection 2015 https:\/\/www.social-protection.org\/gimi\/gess\/RessourcePDF.action?ressource.ressourceId=51297."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640211019456"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.107.005009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12929"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-0752-1_7-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","article-title":"Perinatal Depression: A Neglected Aspect of Maternal Health","volume":"402","author":"Lancet","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293295"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03132-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2018.1466144"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.00779"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","article-title":"Rural\/Urban Differences in Health Care Utilization and Costs by Perinatal Depression Status among Commercial Enrollees","author":"Pollack L. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Rural Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-0361.2010.00339.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8403222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_2","article-title":"Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page M. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.150.6.782"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2022.43.147.38189"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.18969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_2","unstructured":"Ranzcog Mental Health Care in the Perinatal Period 2021 https:\/\/ranzcog.edu.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Mental-Health-Care-in-the-Perinatal-Period-C-Obs-48.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Celiac Disease","volume":"104","author":"Rostom A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(99)00026-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-127-9-199711010-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.0069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_2","unstructured":"Countries and Economies The World Bank 2023 https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_2","first-page":"461","article-title":"Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Rural Areas of Isfahan Province, Iran","volume":"12","author":"Kheirabadi G. R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Iranian Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Perinatal Depression in a Cohort Study on Iranian Women","volume":"15","author":"Kheirabadi G. R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Medical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6874-11-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ejhs.v27i1.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.181.6.499"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12428"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764015607919"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpbs.62558"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_479_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogn.2017.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0823-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2018.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-04340-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.584287"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0253717621991061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032364"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1380-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40609-020-00170-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NNR.0000299856.98170.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2009-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_2","article-title":"Prevalence and Factors Associated with Post-Partum Depression in a Rural Area of Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"42","author":"Dingana T. N.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan African Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v24i0.1176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.24725"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102552"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004455"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.636875"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-058633"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-03045-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2022.2036425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-012-1123-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/npy.12.24"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2011.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014557289"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198120974963"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-022-03399-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_2","unstructured":"United Nations|Department of Economic and Social Affairs 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050 says UN. 2018 2018 https:\/\/www.un.org\/development\/desa\/en\/news\/population\/2018-revision-of-world-urbanization-prospects.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01663-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101932"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02141-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/02169216302pm507oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.21311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102353"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.12851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016002925"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_2","unstructured":"United Nations Women Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: the Gender Snapshot 2023 2023 https:\/\/www.un-ilibrary.org\/content\/books\/9789210029063\/read."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-48"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006456"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0626-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_2","unstructured":"United Nations Goal 3: Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All at All Ages 2023 https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/health\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2022.03.210377"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12229"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4108-9"}],"container-title":["Depression and Anxiety"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2024\/1882604","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T13:35:35Z","timestamp":1726839335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2024\/1882604"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jingyuan","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2024\/1882604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/1882604","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-4269","1520-6394"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-4269","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6394","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"1882604"}}