{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T07:17:30Z","timestamp":1787642250904,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cow urine distillate (CUD) is a traditional Indian medicine used to treat various diseases, including bacterial infections. However, there is limited evidence to support its use as a medicine, and its safety and efficacy have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of CUD against five bacterial strains using in vitro and in silico approaches. In vitro experiments showed that CUD has significant antibacterial activity against all tested strains with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) ranging from 13 to 24\u2009mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 12.5 to 50\u2009\u00b5g\/ml. The results indicated that the 15% concentration of CUD displayed the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. To further investigate the antibacterial mechanism of CUD, we performed in silico docking studies of the active compounds of CUD with bacterial proteins involved in protein synthesis. Our results showed that 2-hydroxycinnamic acid (\u0394G\u2009=\u2009\u22126.9\u2009kcal\/mol) and ferulic acid (\u0394G\u2009=\u2009\u22126.8\u2009kcal\/mol) exhibited the best docking scores with the targeted proteins (DNA gyrase, PDBID: 4KFG). The hydrogen bonding interaction with amino acids Val71 and Asp73 was found to be crucial for their antibacterial activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/1904763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T18:20:08Z","timestamp":1704738008000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Antibacterial Activity of Cow Urine Distillate (CUD)"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"LokRaj","family":"Pant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sunsari Technical College, Dharan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1801-5668","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shankar","family":"Thapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Madan Bhandari Academy of Health Sciences, Hetauda, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3076-2797","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bibek","family":"Dahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sunsari Technical College, Dharan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindra","family":"Khadka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Sunsari Technical College, Dharan, Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3928-2338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahalakshmi Suresha","family":"Biradar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Ameen College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru 560027, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/jice.20150222100320"},{"issue":"3","key":"2","first-page":"1218","article-title":"Go mutra (Cow urine) and its uses: an overview","volume":"7","author":"M. 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