{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:45:37Z","timestamp":1787510737698,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021567","name":"Debre Markos University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021567","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"abstract":"\n Background. Though most people with COVID-19 disease show asymptomatic to mild illness, a substantial number of patients are at high risk of developing severe disease and adverse outcomes with long COVID-19 and death. Even though some studies showed that previously existing infections with parasites amend the host\u2019s body defenses to increase resistance to infection with SARS-CoV-2, there is limited data in Ethiopia. Objectives. This study is aimed at determining the COVID-19 disease severity and its association with intestinal parasite coinfection and urine biochemical parameters among COVID-19-confirmed patients admitted at Debre Markos University COVID-19 Center, 2021. Methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted on 136 RT-qPCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted at Debre Markos University COVID-19 Center from January 1 to March 30, 2021. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected by using standardized data collection forms. A urine biochemical test was performed using a dry urine dipstick kit and stool examination using direct wet mount microscopic examination and formalin-ether concentration method. The chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and ordinal logistic regression analysis were computed to assess association with outcome variables using Statistical Package for Social Science software (version 24). Result. A total of 136 COVID-19-confirmed patients participated in this study. The median age of the participants was 48 years. The majority (86 (62.5%)) of them were male in sex. Of the 136 cases, 39 (28.7%) had died. Among the 136 patients, 22 (16.2%) were coinfected with intestinal parasites. COVID-19 patients who have intestinal parasite coinfection had lower odds of developing clinically severe COVID-19 compared to noninfected (\n \n \n AOR<\/a:mtext>\n =<\/a:mo>\n 0.37<\/a:mn>\n <\/a:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ; 95%\n \n \n CI<\/c:mtext>\n =<\/c:mo>\n 0.147<\/c:mn>\n \u2010<\/c:mo>\n 0.944<\/c:mn>\n <\/c:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ;\n \n \n P<\/e:mi>\n =<\/e:mo>\n 0.037<\/e:mn>\n <\/e:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ). The majority (104 (76.5%)) of them have abnormal urine biochemical results. From the abnormal urine biochemical tests observed, the urine blood, glucose, and ketone tests were positive for 54 (39.7%), 36 (26.5%), and 30 (21.1%) patients, respectively. Among the 31 critical COVID-19 patients, 25 (80.6%) showed abnormal urine biochemical parameters. Age and comorbidity were significantly associated with COVID-19 severity (\n \n \n P<\/g:mi>\n <<\/g:mo>\n 0.05<\/g:mn>\n <\/g:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n ). Conclusion. Patients with old age and comorbidity had an increased risk of developing severe COVID-19 disease. Patients having SARS-CoV-2 and intestinal parasitic coinfections demonstrated mild COVID-19 disease severity. Abnormal urine biochemical results were common among critical COVID-19 patients. Thus, advanced study on the effect of the interaction among intestinal parasites on COVID-19 clinical severity and its mechanisms is essential.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3064374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T22:40:23Z","timestamp":1705185623000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The COVID-19 Severity and Its Association with Intestinal Parasite Coinfection and Urine Biochemical Parameters among COVID-19-Confirmed Patients Admitted to Debre Markos University COVID-19 Center, Northwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8278-0343","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milkiyas","family":"Toru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9512-4369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aytenew","family":"Atnaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8467-6985","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hylemariam Mihiretie","family":"Mengist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5086-0776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Reta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.009"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9"},{"key":"4","volume-title":"Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.017"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42399-020-00363-4"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.0502"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000513288"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S337440"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.003"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)68458-1"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0520-OA"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.614522"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005424"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13190"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0330-5"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S369266"},{"key":"21","article-title":"COVID-19 CRF","author":"International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC)"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-0233-6"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108118"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.02.21250995"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31189-2"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12030602"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2020-0220"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.08.014"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S335447"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.11.20098053","volume-title":"Parasites and their protection against COVID-19-ecology or immunology?","author":"K. Ssebambulidde","year":"2020"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3902"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.574910"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00206"}],"container-title":["BioMed Research International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2024\/3064374.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2024\/3064374.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2024\/3064374.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T22:40:29Z","timestamp":1705185629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/bmri\/2024\/3064374\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mancianti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["3064374","3064374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/3064374","relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-6141","2314-6133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2314-6141","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2314-6133","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]}}}