{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:53:01Z","timestamp":1788580381951,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":236,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004748","name":"Mashhad University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["961434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["961434"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004748","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["PPAR Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Paraquat (PQ) is an herbicide toxin that induces injury in different organs. The anti\u2010inflammatory and antioxidant effects of carvacrol were reported previously. The effects of carvacrol and pioglitazone (Pio) alone and their combination on inhaled PQ\u2010induced systemic and lung oxidative stress and inflammation as well as behavioral changes were examined in rats. In this study, animals were exposed to saline (control [Ctrl]) or PQ (PQ groups) aerosols. PQ\u2010exposed animals were treated with 0.03\u2009mg\/kg\/day dexamethasone (Dexa), 20 and 80\u2009mg\/kg\/day carvacrol (C\u2010L and C\u2010H), 5\u2009mg\/kg\/day Pio, and Pio+C\u2010L for 16 days. Inhaled PQ markedly enhanced total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts, nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels but decreased catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and thiol levels both in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood and increased interferon\u2010gamma (INF\u2010<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>) and interleukin\u201010 (IL\u201010) levels in the BALF (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001 for all cases) except lymphocyte count in blood which was not significantly changed. The escape latency and traveled distance were increased in the PQ group. However, the time spent in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze (MWM) test and the duration of time latency in the dark room in the shuttle box test were reduced after receiving an electrical shock (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05\u2013<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Inhaled PQ\u2010induced changes were significantly improved in carvacrol, Pio, Dexa, and especially in the combination of the Pio+C\u2010L treated groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05\u2013<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Carvacrol and Pio improved PQ\u2010induced changes similar to Dexa, but ameliorative effects produced by combination treatments of Pio+C\u2010L were more prominent than Pio and C\u2010L alone, suggesting a potentiating effect for the combination of the two agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4049448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T10:04:26Z","timestamp":1724493866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Systemic and Lung Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Associated With Behavioral Changes Induced by Inhaled Paraquat Are Ameliorated by Carvacrol"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3867-9149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arghavan","family":"Memarzia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0961-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8838-9705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Mokhtari-Zaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3326-0704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zohre","family":"Arab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8588-7365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeideh","family":"Saadat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8116-7606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahrokh","family":"Heydari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-8572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra","family":"Ghasemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4621-8259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Naghdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6425-5123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5736-9755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Boskabady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20150121"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440701669959"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050049"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00576-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125633"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22038\/ijbms.2020.45962.10648"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","first-page":"437","article-title":"Effects of paraquat on the learning and memory ability in developing mice","volume":"29","author":"Sun Y.-H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(83)90071-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719000900103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2011.04026.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1800640"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s2175-97902023e22476"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00209"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190801984205"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000168676"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200501-010AC"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3309fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf703629s"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814468-8.00001-6","volume-title":"Dietary Interventions in Gastrointestinal Diseases","author":"Bayir A. 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