{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:54:22Z","timestamp":1793213662120,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"SANLiC Gold"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reptiles are carriers of an array of microorganisms, including significant zoonotic bacteria of the genus <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>, which cause a disease referred to as salmonellosis that affects both animals and humans. This study investigated the occurrence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars in wild reptiles at Timbavati Private Game Reserve in Limpopo Province, South Africa, and examined their virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profiles. A total of 19 wild reptiles were sampled, which resulted in 30 presumptive <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates. The isolates were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by amplifying the <jats:italic>invA<\/jats:italic> gene and were further confirmed by <jats:italic>16S<\/jats:italic> rRNA gene sequencing. <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars were detected in chameleons (36.8%), lizards (31.6%), snakes (15.8%), and tortoises (15.8%). The use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Salamae (30%), <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> (16.7%), <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium (13.3%), and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Indiana (13.3%) were the four most common subspecies among the investigated 30 isolates. Detected virulence genes included <jats:italic>pag<\/jats:italic>N (100%), <jats:italic>hil<\/jats:italic>A (96.7%), <jats:italic>ssr<\/jats:italic>B (96.7%), <jats:italic>prg<\/jats:italic>H (86.7%), and <jats:italic>mar<\/jats:italic>T (86.7%). The isolates exhibited resistance to nalidixic acid (43.3%) and kanamycin (43.3%), followed by streptomycin (16.7%) and ciprofloxacin (3.3%). Antibiotic\u2010resistant genes were detected as follows: <jats:italic>strA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>strB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>qnrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>aadA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>aac<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>6<\/jats:italic>\u2032)\u2010<jats:italic>Ib<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>aac<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>6<\/jats:italic>\u2032)<jats:italic>-Ib-cr<\/jats:italic> at 33.3%, 6.7%, 16.7, 13.3%, 10%, 23.3%, 6.7%, and 10%, respectively. The findings highlight the necessity of educational initiatives aimed at reducing reptile\u2010related infections. Effective antibiotic treatment appears promising for infection, given the minimal drug resistance observed in reptile <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> serovars in the current study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5213895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T13:20:10Z","timestamp":1704460810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Occurrence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Profiles of <i>Salmonella<\/i> Serovars Isolated from Wild Reptiles in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7980-8587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lungile N.","family":"Mlangeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0473-8075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsepo","family":"Ramatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8895-3620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kgaugelo E.","family":"Lekota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9092-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cormac","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0700-4787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriel","family":"Thekisoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6716-0787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Che","family":"Weldon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-0502-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2021.1975530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens6030038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11060836"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2011.579246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"Salmonella isolated from crocodiles and other reptiles during the period 1985-1994 in South Africa","volume":"64","author":"Van der Walt M. 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