{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T09:43:05Z","timestamp":1791970985342,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Rheumatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (pSS) is recognized for its autoimmune origin. Its hallmark symptoms, dry eyes and mouth, result from glandular inflammation. Prior literature indicates that pSS not only affects the peripheral system but also involves the central nervous system (CNS), giving rise to various neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, there is limited published research on the psychiatric comorbidities in individuals with pSS. Methods. A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar for this narrative review. The search spanned from inception until August 2023. Its aim was to locate studies focusing on the psychiatric manifestations of pSS and the potential underlying mechanisms. Results. The most commonly reported psychiatric complications among these individuals are depression and cognitive dysfunction. Other psychiatric manifestations that have been reported in pSS individuals include anxiety, sleep disorders, psychosis, catatonia, bipolar disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion. In conclusion, patients with pSS often display multiple psychiatric symptoms. These symptoms can significantly impair functioning and reduce quality of life. Hence, prompt diagnosis and management are crucial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5520927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T20:35:09Z","timestamp":1715718909000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Exploring the Psychiatric Manifestations of Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6055-2806","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mona","family":"Salehi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Zamiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8700-9990","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3217-474X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chenique","family":"Texeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketki","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6867-2394","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sasidhar","family":"Gunturu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bronx Care Health System, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.04.005"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2009.11.004"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03009740701678712"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2669"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/645967"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.098301"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.019497"},{"issue":"8","key":"8","first-page":"598","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: evidence from neuropsychological testing and HMPAO-SPECT","volume":"150","author":"C. Belin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annales de Medecine Interne"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/29.1.21"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.12.002"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00211-8"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(93)90255-N"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2011.01530.x"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-20-2293"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8881503"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.342028"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-008038"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115936"},{"issue":"3","key":"19","first-page":"192","article-title":"The kaleidoscope of neurological manifestations in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"37","author":"A. Alunno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38127"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511431727"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.07.011"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.12.2574"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.138.7.2095"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.05.031"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002006"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-108-6-815"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.14823_g"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2117159"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200115080-00003"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq111"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2007.09.001"},{"issue":"1","key":"33","first-page":"71","article-title":"Sleep disturbances, fibromyalgia and primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"15","author":"M. Tishler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kew443"},{"issue":"3","key":"35","first-page":"373","article-title":"Sleep quality in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome","volume":"34","author":"R. Priori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/32.12.1072"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-7-46"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.174"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2012.06.010"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104728"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-13-40"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00321-5"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92669-6"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx157"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30190-7"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2023.03.013"},{"key":"47","volume-title":"Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"A. P. A. Diagnostic","year":"1994"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195687"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.06.016"},{"key":"50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00853.x"},{"key":"51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11030516"},{"key":"52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.11.2.241"},{"issue":"4","key":"53","first-page":"321","article-title":"Relation between schizophrenic-like psychosis and Sjogren syndrome (SS)","volume":"23","author":"A. Raps","year":"1986","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences"},{"key":"54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12890\/2018_000855"},{"key":"55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-020-0412-8"},{"key":"56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2016.03.010"},{"key":"57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psychotherapy.1977.31.1.125"},{"key":"58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2183"},{"key":"59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00124"},{"issue":"6","key":"60","first-page":"588","article-title":"Psychiatric manifestations of lupus erythematosus systemic and Sjogren's syndrome","volume":"27","author":"J. F. Amp\u00e9las","year":"2001","journal-title":"L'encephale"},{"key":"61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1622-y"},{"key":"62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq158"},{"key":"63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202011_23836"},{"key":"64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.11.029"},{"key":"65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.07.009"},{"key":"66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200009000-00011"},{"key":"67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.08.017"},{"key":"68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2012-1693"},{"key":"69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.10.027"},{"key":"70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8899615"},{"key":"71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104243"},{"key":"72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/cp.0104"},{"key":"73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.09.071"},{"key":"74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.11.010"},{"key":"75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2"},{"key":"76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.55563\/clinexprheumatol\/nspi47"},{"key":"77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1715-x"},{"key":"78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.586"},{"key":"79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084605"},{"key":"80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.186"},{"issue":"3","key":"81","first-page":"485","article-title":"The psychological defensive profile of primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome patients and its relationship to health-related quality of life","volume":"29","author":"T. Hyphantis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210466"},{"issue":"2","key":"83","first-page":"402","article-title":"Factors influencing dry mouth in patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren syndrome: usefulness of the ESSPRI index","volume":"13","author":"M. Gand\u00eda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oral Health and Dental Management"},{"key":"84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-200"},{"key":"85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2297"},{"key":"86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0682-8"},{"key":"87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13268"},{"key":"88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.014"},{"key":"89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-014-1193-3"},{"key":"90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcr218"},{"key":"91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185120909982"},{"key":"92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38852"},{"key":"93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030123"},{"issue":"2","key":"94","first-page":"208","article-title":"Rituximab in central nervous system manifestations of patients with primary Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome: results from the AIR registry","volume":"30","author":"A. Mekinian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology"},{"key":"95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(11)70034-9"},{"key":"96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000356"},{"key":"97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kem004"},{"key":"98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-3008-0"},{"key":"99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-011-0850-8"},{"key":"100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.744194"},{"key":"101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13889"},{"key":"102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006384"},{"key":"103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01293.x"},{"key":"104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-3097-9"},{"key":"105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/501327"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijr\/2024\/5520927.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijr\/2024\/5520927.xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijr\/2024\/5520927.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T20:35:20Z","timestamp":1715718920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/ijr\/2024\/5520927\/"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alicia","family":"Rodriguez-Pla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["5520927","5520927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/5520927","relation":{},"ISSN":["1687-9279","1687-9260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1687-9279","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1687-9260","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]}}}