{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:38:14Z","timestamp":1792453094734,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":301,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007472","name":"University of Kentucky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007472","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ULTR001998"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ULTR001998"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Caffeine, the most widely consumed psychoactive drug globally, has been associated with vascular changes in various organs, including the retina. Researchers have reported vascular constriction in the retina in response to caffeine, although data on its effects remain limited and somewhat contradictory. Further research is needed to clarify the specific impact of caffeine on retinal blood vessels and its potential implications for ocular health.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> To investigate the effects of 200\u2009mg of caffeine on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and retinal vessel density (VD) assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Prospective randomized, double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled, IRB\u2010approved study in 59 healthy low caffeine users (&lt; 136\u2009mg of caffeine daily). Baseline 3\u2009\u00d7\u20093 and 6\u2009\u00d7\u20096\u2009mm OCTA scans centered on the fovea as well as a 6\u2009\u00d7\u20096\u2009mm scans centered on the optic nerve head (ONH) were obtained. Participants were randomly assigned into caffeine group (CG, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200942) receiving 200\u2009mg caffeine pill or placebo group (PG, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917). OCTA scans were repeated at 60 and 120\u2009min after intervention. VD was measured with Advanced Retina Imaging (ARI) network software (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) for superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP). SBP\/DBP readings were recorded before each imaging session. Ordinary one\u2010way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of each group was performed using GraphPad Prism Version 9.3.0.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Both groups had comparable demographics and OCTA parameters at baseline. Two hours after intervention, the CG had a significantly higher SBP (123\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u2009mmHg) and DBP (81\u2009\u00b1\u20095\u2009mmHg) compared to the control group (118\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u2009mmHg, 77\u2009\u00b1\u20096\u2009mmHg) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value\u2009=\u20090.012, 0.023). Regarding the OCTA VD metrics, there were no significant differences in VD between the caffeine and placebo groups, regardless of whether the scans were centered on the macula or ONH. Additionally, the comparison across different OCTA scan modalities, specifically the 3\u2009\u00d7\u20093\u2009mm and 6\u2009\u00d7\u20096\u2009mm scans, showed no discernible differences among groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> In conclusion, 200\u2009mg of caffeine elevated blood pressure after 2\u2009h but did not impact the retinal VD. This underscores the intricate relationship between caffeine, blood pressure, and retinal vascular dynamics, prompting further exploration of their implications for ocular health, especially in subjects with vascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5597188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T18:30:37Z","timestamp":1730140237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: Investigating Vessel Density Changes Induced by Caffeine in Healthy 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