{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T21:12:38Z","timestamp":1762981958418,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":232,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Global Health, Epidemiology and Genomics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Despite the well\u2010known adverse health effects of tobacco, shisha use among students in tertiary institutions remains a public health concern. In Kenya, the literature on status of shisha after the 2017 ban is scanty. This study sought to ascertain actual shisha use among university students along the coastal strip. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>. We investigated confirmed and self\u2010reported shisha use. Using proportionate\u2010to\u2010size and snowball sampling methods, 380 respondents were enrolled from three universities. Sociodemographic characteristics and self\u2010reported history of shisha use were documented using a participant\u2010assisted questionnaire. Actual shisha use was determined qualitatively using 6 panel plus alcohol saliva test kit that detected cotinine use among other selected drugs. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>. Of the 380 participants, 278 (73%) were males and their median (IQR) age was 22 (20\u201323) years. This study reports 29% current use based on testing positive for cotinine. Among those who reported current ever use of shisha, 19% tested positive for cotinine, respectively. In the multivariable analysis, being separated (adjusted risk ratio (aRR): 2.06 (95% CI: 1.45\u20132.94)) compared to being single and studying for a degree compared to a diploma (aRR: 1.32 (95% CI: 1.10\u20131.58)) were associated with cotinine positive. The 4<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> year of study (aRR: 1.68 (95% CI: 1.22\u20132.33)) compared to the 1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup> year and reported knowledge of shisha (aRR: 1.84 (95% CI: 1.18\u20132.87)) were associated with cotinine positive. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. Nearly one\u2010third of university students along the Kenyan coast are active shisha users. Saliva testing for cotinine is a more reliable method of reporting tobacco use. We recommend upscaling of health education, re\u2010enforcement of the current ban on shisha consumption by concerned authorities, and saliva testing for cotinine while assessing current tobacco use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5653709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T23:41:28Z","timestamp":1724283688000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Shisha Consumption and Presence of Cotinine in Saliva Samples among Students in Public Universities in Coastal Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"Abdulrehman","family":"Halima Allahdad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7149-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moses","family":"Ngari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cromwell","family":"Mwiti Kibiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7160-7374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahma","family":"Udu Yusuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Mutua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentine","family":"Budambula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_1_2","unstructured":"Who Tobacco 2023 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240077164."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-022-00881-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_2","unstructured":"Afro-Who Tobacco control 2023 https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/health-topics\/tobacco-control."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18137023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7196\/ajtccm.2023.v29i1.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17795\/ijpbs-4551"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_2","unstructured":"Cdc Smoking and tobacco use: hookers 2021 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tobacco\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48039\/mjtum.v1i2.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_407_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.10.2971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.3.583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_1424_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2019.1645177"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42506-019-0011-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_2","article-title":"Perception and practices of shisha smoking among kafr el-sheikh university students, Egypt","volume":"38","author":"Kabbash A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/140092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00290"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5596-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/84005"},{"volume-title":"The Use of Waterpipe Tobacco Products and its Associated Risk Factors Among University of Limpopo Students, South Africa","year":"2022","author":"Kotsedi M. 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