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This study aimed to investigate the effect of high\u2010frequency rTMS with the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L\u2010DLPFC) as a target region on smoking addiction in nicotine\u2010dependent individuals by detecting the change of spontaneous brain activity in the reward circuitry. We recruited 17 nicotine\u2010dependence participants, who completed 10 sessions of 10\u2009Hz rTMS over a 2\u2010week period and underwent evaluation of several dependence\u2010related scales, and resting\u2010state fMRI scan before and after the treatment. Functional connectivity (FC) analysis was conducted with reward\u2010related brain regions as seeds, including ventral tegmental area, bilateral nucleus accumbens (NAc), bilateral DLPFC, and bilateral amygdala. We found that, after the treatment, individuals showed reduced nicotine dependence, alleviated tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and diminished smoking cravings. The right NAc showed increased FC with right fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus (ITG), calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex, superior occipital gyrus (SOG), lingual gyrus, and bilateral cuneus. No significant FC changes were observed in other seed regions. Moreover, the changes in FC between the right NAc and the right ITG as well as SOG before and after rTMS were negatively correlated with changes in smoking scale scores. Our findings suggest that high\u2010frequency L\u2010DLPFC\u2010rTMS reduces nicotine dependence and improves tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and the dysfunctional connectivity in reward circuitry may be the underlying neural mechanism for nicotine addiction and its therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5673579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T04:52:30Z","timestamp":1724820750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Modulation of High\u2010Frequency rTMS on Reward Circuitry in Individuals with Nicotine Dependence: A Preliminary fMRI 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