{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T16:09:37Z","timestamp":1774368577438,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The SEIQHR model, introduced in this study, serves as a valuable tool for anticipating the emergence of various infectious diseases, such as COVID-19 and illnesses transmitted by insects. An analysis of the model\u2019s qualitative features was conducted, encompassing the computation of the fundamental reproduction number, <jats:inline-formula><a:math xmlns:a=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M1\"><a:msub><a:mrow><a:mi>R<\/a:mi><\/a:mrow><a:mrow><a:mn>0<\/a:mn><\/a:mrow><\/a:msub><\/a:math><\/jats:inline-formula>. It was observed that the disease-free equilibrium point remains singular and locally asymptotically stable when <jats:inline-formula><c:math xmlns:c=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M2\"><c:msub><c:mrow><c:mi>R<\/c:mi><\/c:mrow><c:mrow><c:mn>0<\/c:mn><\/c:mrow><\/c:msub><c:mo>&lt;<\/c:mo><c:mn>1<\/c:mn><\/c:math><\/jats:inline-formula>, while the endemic equilibrium point exhibits uniqueness when <jats:inline-formula><e:math xmlns:e=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" id=\"M3\"><e:msub><e:mrow><e:mi>R<\/e:mi><\/e:mrow><e:mrow><e:mn>0<\/e:mn><\/e:mrow><\/e:msub><e:mo>&gt;<\/e:mo><e:mn>1<\/e:mn><\/e:math><\/jats:inline-formula>. Additionally, specific conditions were outlined to guarantee the local asymptotic stability of both equilibrium points. Employing numerical simulations, the graphical representation illustrated the influence of model parameters on disease dynamics and the potential for its eradication across different noninteger orders of the Caputo derivative. In essence, the adoption of a fractional epidemic model contributes to a deeper comprehension and enhanced biological insights into the dynamics of diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6069996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]],"date-time":"2024-04-06T03:35:23Z","timestamp":1712374523000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analysis of COVID-19 Disease Model: Backward Bifurcation and Impact of Pharmaceutical and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"Ibad","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nigar","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4076-9063","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ihtisham Ul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imtiaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Daher","family":"Albalwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yanbu Industrial College, The Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu, Yanbu 30436, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3541-5639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. 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