{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T15:23:06Z","timestamp":1782487386600,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":267,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020S1A5A2A03045088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020S1A5A2A03045088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Depression and Anxiety"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Depressive symptoms and stress exposure fluctuate over time in community\u2010dwelling older adults, but they are frequently assessed using one\u2010time retrospective self\u2010report measures. Social support viewed as a multifaceted construct can play diverse moderating roles in this association although it is typically gauged through the measure of perceived social support. This study aims to explore the relationships between stress, social support, and depressive symptoms among older adults by utilizing the longitudinal data collected through a smartphone application and supplemented by annual face\u2010to\u2010face interviews conducted over a 2\u2010year period. Using longitudinal multilevel analysis, we analyzed the data on PHQ\u20109, stress exposure, and four distinct measures of social support collected from 354 community\u2010dwelling older adults in South Korea. The results demonstrated that 59% of the variability in depressive symptoms was attributable to differences between individuals. Stress exposure was a strong predictor (<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093.01\u2009<jats:sup>\u2217\u2217\u2217<\/jats:sup>, 95% CI\u2009=\u20092.34\u20133.67). As expected, positive functional social support alleviated the effects of stress on depression (<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u22121.12\u2009<jats:sup>\u2217\u2217<\/jats:sup>, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u22121.92\u2009~\u2009\u22120.32) while negative functional social support (<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.36\u2009<jats:sup>\u2217\u2217\u2217<\/jats:sup>, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.29\u20133.44) and negative structural social support (<jats:italic>\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093.22\u2009<jats:sup>\u2217<\/jats:sup>, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.79\u20135.64) worsened the effects of stress on depression. A notable finding is that stress\u2010amplifying effects from the negative functional and structural social support, in addition to well\u2010known stress\u2010buffering effects from positive functional social support, should be regarded as indispensable components in safeguarding the mental health of older adults. Considering the decline in social interactions and the lower probability of older adults establishing new social connections, it is essential to consider approaches that prevent a lack of functional and structural social support and foster a high\u2010quality of functional and structural social support, particularly for those facing greater stressors, as a preventative method against depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6462853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T13:30:35Z","timestamp":1727184635000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Longitudinal Examination of Stress and Depression in Older Adults Over a 2\u2010Year Period: Moderation Effect of Varied Social Support Measures"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2698-0102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin-kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4255-1831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8666-7479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangwon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6222-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moo-Kwon","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8805-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2703-4705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taeksoo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2704-456X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoung-Joung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4958-193X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo-Sang","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3493-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdenebayar","family":"Urtnasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6130-3254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Hyuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_1_2","volume-title":"Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.104002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-021-00375-x","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Depression among Old Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zenebe Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annals of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035302"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216-011613"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2023.173561","article-title":"Stress, Inflammation, Microbiome and Depression","volume":"227","author":"Medina-Rodriguez E. 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