{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:21:34Z","timestamp":1753888894015,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":238,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012015","name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Scientifica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Typhoid fever, caused by <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic>, has plagued underdeveloped countries for many years. Recently, there has been a surge in <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic> strains identified to be multidrug\u2010resistant in endemic areas. <jats:italic>Aspilia africana<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Manihot esculenta<\/jats:italic> have been reported to exhibit activity against <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>; however, this study aimed to investigate the effect of <jats:italic>A. africana<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. esculenta<\/jats:italic> against resistance strains of <jats:italic>S. typhi.<\/jats:italic> The leaves of the plants were extracted using distilled water (hot (A<jats:sub>QH<\/jats:sub>) and cold (A<jats:sub>QC<\/jats:sub>)), methanol (M<jats:sub>ET<\/jats:sub>), ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether. The extracts were screened <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> for anti\u2010<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> effects against fourteen <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic> isolates (five multidrug\u2010resistant (MDRST), five ciprofloxacin\u2010resistant (CRST), three nalidixic acid\u2010resistant (NARST), and one sensitive isolate (SS)) using agar well diffusion and microbroth dilution methods. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of tannins, saponins, glycosides, and flavonoids in all polar solvent extracts. Alkaloids were found in all extracts, while triterpenoids were present in all except the aqueous extracts. The A<jats:sub>QC<\/jats:sub> of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>africana<\/jats:italic> had the best inhibitory effect on the MDRST and NARST with diameter zones of inhibitions (DZOIs) of 40.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.08\u2009mm and 34.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.22\u2009mm, respectively. Methanol extract of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>africana<\/jats:italic> had the best inhibitory effect on CRST and SS with DZOIs of 34.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.08 and 43.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.06\u2009mm, respectively. The A<jats:sub>QC<\/jats:sub> and A<jats:sub>QH<\/jats:sub> of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>africana<\/jats:italic> and A<jats:sub>QH<\/jats:sub> of <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>esculenta<\/jats:italic> produced the best MICs and MBCs of 2.5 and 5.0\u2009mg\/mL against the MDRST. There was no significant difference in ZOIs of the different solvent extracts against test organisms at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05. Gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry analysis of the extracts showed compounds such as n\u2010hexadecanoic acid, 9,12,15\u2010octadecatrienoic acid (9.55%), and 2H\u2010benzo[F]oxireno[2,3\u2010E]benzofuran\u20108(9H)\u2010one in the <jats:italic>A. Africana<\/jats:italic> extracts and D\u2010mannose, 3\u2010nitrophenyl, methanol acetate (ester), and 9\u2010octadecenamide in the <jats:italic>M. esculenta<\/jats:italic> extracts. The leaves of <jats:italic>M. esculenta<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>A. Africana<\/jats:italic> are effective against multidrug\u2010resistant <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6637904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T07:39:05Z","timestamp":1724657945000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>Aspilia africana<\/i> (Pers.) C.D. Adams and <i>Manihot esculenta<\/i> Crantz Exhibit Antibacterial Activity against Resistant <i>Salmonella typhi<\/i> Strains"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7611-8553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Agyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaw Duah","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2669-4525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa Appiah","family":"Agana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1931-693X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian Etsiapa","family":"Boamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-2753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clement","family":"Osei Akoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5066-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8515-4882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Agyare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"The Health Sector in Ghana Facts and Figures 2017","year":"2017","author":"Nsiah-Asare A.","key":"e_1_2_10_1_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/aim.2021.119036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"Chemical Constituents of methanol leaf extract of Aspilia africana C.D. 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