{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:34:41Z","timestamp":1753886081943,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":276,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015758","name":"Adama Science and Technology University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ASTU\/SP-R\/192\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASTU\/SP-R\/192\/22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015758","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mathematical analysis of epidemics is crucial for long\u2010term disease prediction and helps to guide decision\u2010makers in terms of public health policy. In this study, we develop a within\u2010host mathematical model of the malaria parasite dynamics with the effect of an adaptive immune response. The model includes six compartments, namely, the uninfected red blood cells, infected red blood cells, merozoites, gametocytes, cytotoxic T cells immune response, and antibodies immune response, which are activated in the host to attack the parasite. We establish the well\u2010posedness and biological feasibility of the model in terms of proving the non\u2010negativity and boundedness of solutions. The most important threshold value in the epidemiological model known as the basic reproduction number, , which is used to determine the stability of the steady state, is investigated. Furthermore, the parasite\u2010free equilibrium is locally and globally stable if the basic reproduction number, , otherwise, if , then there exist four parasite\u2010persistence equilibria. The stability conditions of these parasite\u2010persistence equilibria are presented. Sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number shows that parameters representing the recruitment rate of uninfected red blood cells, infection rate of red blood cells by merozoites, and the average number of merozoites per ruptured infected red blood cells are the most influential ones in affecting the dynamics. Finally, several numerical simulations of the model are presented to supplement the theoretical and analytical findings. It has been observed that numerical simulations and theoretical results are coherent. The response of cytotoxic T cells and antibodies has a significant impact on suppressing infected cells and malaria parasites in the host\u2019s body.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6667262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T11:20:27Z","timestamp":1727954427000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Mathematical Model for the Within\u2010Host Dynamics of Malaria Parasite with Adaptive Immune Responses"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6310-4929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jemal Muhammed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5372-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getachew Tashome","family":"Tilahun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shambel Tadesse","family":"Degefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-s1-s8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-11-29"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7090215"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00379-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-s1-s2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2214-109x(20)30288-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00889"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2010\/973094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.587933","article-title":"Host-malaria parasite interactions and impacts on mutual evolution","volume":"10","author":"Su X.-zhuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-009-9462-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuw016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-216"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00126"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2021.104807","article-title":"Anti-malarial humoral immunity: the long and short of it","volume":"23","author":"Rogers K. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbes and Infection"},{"volume-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell","year":"2003","author":"Nigel C.","key":"e_1_2_9_17_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"An introduction to immunology and immunopathology. Allergy","volume":"14","author":"Marshall J. S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asthma and Clinical Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2021.111425","article-title":"The role of different components of the immune system against plasmodium falciparum malaria: possible contribution towards malaria vaccine development","volume":"246","author":"Mandala W. L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025577"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2953-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6529681"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.45.2.505-510.1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/25765299.2022.2085445"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-023-01756-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-022-01582-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nana-KyereS. Paddy JonathanF. A. B. DonkorA. HoggarG. K. TitusB. D. KwartengD. andAduI. K. Global analysis and optimal control model of covid-19 Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9491847"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4754426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2020.103599","article-title":"Optimal control analysis of hepatitis b virus with treatment and vaccination","volume":"19","author":"Alrabaiah H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Results in Physics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-022-02510-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.health.2023.100205","article-title":"A fractional-order nonlinear model for a within-host chikungunya virus dynamics with adaptive immunity using caputo derivative operator","volume":"4","author":"Olaniyi S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare Analytics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000066245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmaa.2007.10.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000083426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2011.8.999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2019330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17486700701865661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fams.2023.1282544"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02286203.2023.2288771"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/050643271"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2011.10.085"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2015.02.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-5564(02)00108-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-023-01737-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjp\/s13360-021-01876-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12190-018-1215-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_2","unstructured":"LaSalleJ. P. The stability of dynamical systems society for industrial and applied mathematics philadelphia pa 1976 With an appendix:\u201cLimiting Equations and Stability of Nonautonomous Ordinary Differential Equations\u201d by Z. Artstein Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-008-9299-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojapps.2020.105015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_2","article-title":"On stability of the in-human host and in-mosquito dynamics of malaria parasite","author":"Mohamed A. S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Mathematics and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1992.0156"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/674357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.262796299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/s1793524520500291"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math8040563"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1155\/2024\/6667262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]],"date-time":"2024-10-03T11:20:37Z","timestamp":1727954437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2024\/6667262"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Mityushev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1155\/2024\/6667262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/6667262","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-1712","1687-0425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0161-1712"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1687-0425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"6667262"}}