{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T17:53:48Z","timestamp":1778262828596,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":243,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005071","name":"Shiraz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Antioxidants play an important role in protecting cardiac arrhythmias. Silymarin, strong antioxidant, is effective in reducing the complications caused by arrhythmias. This study was conducted to determine the effect of silymarin on the prevention and treatment of calcium chloride\u2010induced arrhythmia. In total, 48 male rats were randomly divided into six groups: the first control group for acute administration received intravenous injection of 0.2\u2009mL of dimethylsulfoxide, a cosolvent, immediately after induction of arrhythmia; the second control group for chronic administration, daily gavage of dimethylsulfoxide for 2 weeks before induction of arrhythmia; acute silymarin group, 100\u2009mg\/kg intravenous, immediately after the occurrence of arrhythmia; chronic silymarin group, daily gavage of 50\u2009mg\/kg for 2 weeks before induction of arrhythmia; amiodarone standard treatment, 5\u2009mg\/kg intravenous, immediately after induction of arrhythmia; and quinidine standard treatment, 10\u2009mg\/kg intravenous, immediately after induction of arrhythmia. Calcium chloride (140\u2009mg\/kg, i.v.) was used to induce arrhythmia. Electrocardiogram was recorded and monitored by PowerLab\u2122 system. The incidence rates of premature ventricular beat (PVB), ventricular tachycardia (VT), and ventricular fibrillation (VF) were calculated. The antiarrhythmic effect of silymarin was observed with a significant decrease in the incidence of premature ventricular beat (22.56\u2009\u00b1\u20091.04%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), ventricular tachycardia (34.150\u2009\u00b1\u20091.59%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), and ventricular fibrillation (24.31\u2009\u00b1\u20091.02%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) compared with the control group (100%). These effects were comparable to antiarrhythmic drugs such as quinidine (29.23%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.24%, 52.23%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.13%, 66.31%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.81%) and amiodarone (22.91%\u2009\u00b1\u2009.72%, 41.09%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.66%, 61.59%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.11%). Silymarin exerts a potent antioxidant effect, thereby mitigating the risk of VT, VF, and PVC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/6720138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]],"date-time":"2024-08-31T10:49:44Z","timestamp":1725101384000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effects of Silymarin on Calcium Chloride\u2010Induced Arrhythmia in Male Rat"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Toghroli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6983-0577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Foad","family":"Noorbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javad","family":"Sajedianfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2020.03.002","article-title":"A review on plants and herbal components with antiarrhythmic activities and their interaction with current cardiac drugs","volume":"10","author":"Beik A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Traditional and Complementary"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3435"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26381"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430050045005","article-title":"Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysis and implications","volume":"155","author":"Feinberg W. 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