{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:01:46Z","timestamp":1791576106013,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":199,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Microbiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>. Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to the effects of insulin, leading to reduced insulin production in the pancreas. It has genetic\u2010 and family\u2010related risk factors that cannot be changed, along with modifiable lifestyle factors. The precise genetic causes of type 2 diabetes are still unknown. However, individuals can potentially slow or stop the progression of the condition by making dietary adjustments and increasing physical activity levels. <jats:italic>Material and Methods<\/jats:italic>. Forty\u2010five type II diabetic patients in the study included participants between 40 and 60\u2009years old, with a minimum duration of one year, as well as 45 healthy control subjects who were matched in terms of age and sex, and had no underlying systemic diseases. Oral examination is done for the symptoms including burning sensation, candidiasis, and a reduction in the production of saliva. The rate of saliva flow (in milliliters per minute) was measured in samples of saliva that were not stimulated. The salivary trace elements and levels of adipocytokines were evaluated using colorimetric and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (ELISA) testing. The quantification of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> colony numbers, an enrichment and culture approach, was used to achieve a concentration of 100,000 colony\u2010forming units per milliliter (CFU\/ml). The ShowNovo WG1 halimeter was used to measure volatile sulfur compounds in breath. The salivary glucose oxidase assay was conducted using a colorimetric technique, while the determination of trace elements was also performed using a colorimetric assay method. <jats:italic>Result<\/jats:italic>. The diabetic group exhibited a significant increase in the number of <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> spp colonies due to elevated levels of glucose in the saliva (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). However, the variables being examined, such as body mass index (BMI), burning mouth syndrome (BMS), salivary flow rate (SFR), salivary leptin, salivary copper, and salivary magnesium, did not exhibit any significant variations in quantities between the diabetic and healthy groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>. The data collected in this research aid in the creation of a preventative program for oral fungal infections in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The program utilizes saliva and its constituents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8177437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:18:44Z","timestamp":1721348324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Oral Findings, Salivary Copper, Magnesium, and Leptin in Type II Diabetic Patients in Relation to Oral <i>Candida<\/i> Species"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"2024","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Jasim","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas S.","family":"Al-mizraqchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5842-5079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salah M.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_1_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_2","first-page":"147","article-title":"Implant-safe test in patients with peri-implantitis","volume":"34","author":"Mummolo S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Regulators & Homeostatic Agents"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0118742106299402240425053257"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_2","unstructured":"Sabri YasL.andShakir FarhanR. Cytomorphometric analysis of oral mucosal epithelium in type 2 diabetic patients 2018 University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq M. Sc thesis."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2013.00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_2","unstructured":"Ryhan DiajilA.andMalhan HanweetD. Oral findings serum and salivary analysis of lactate dehydrogenase and aminotransferases in uncontrolled diabetic patients 2020 University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq M.Sc. thesis."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-11-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2021-0153"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00007.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18869\/acadpub.cmm.2.2.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_2","unstructured":"Fadhil KadhimE. AliS. andAl-ShibeebH. 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